Method and system for scene image modification

ABSTRACT

System and method for rendering virtual objects onto an image.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/934,387, filed 12 Nov. 2019, which is incorporated herein in itsentirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the image generation field, and morespecifically to a new and useful method and system for enabling 3D scenemodification from imagery.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A-I are schematic representations of the method.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the system.

FIG. 3 is an example of the method.

FIG. 4 is an example of S600.

FIG. 5 is an example of S400.

FIG. 6 is an example of S400.

FIG. 7 is an example of S400.

FIG. 8 is an example of S400.

FIG. 9 is an example of S500.

FIG. 10 is a variant of S600.

FIG. 11 is an example of S400.

FIG. 12 is a variant of S300.

FIG. 13 is an example of S400.

FIG. 14 is an example of data passed between the method processes.

FIG. 15 is an example of the output of the method.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiments of the inventionis not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments,but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use thisinvention.

1. Overview.

A method for modifying scene imagery as shown in FIG. 1A preferablyincludes one or more of: obtaining a set of images S100, estimatingvisual information from each image S200, estimating a dense 3D model andsemantics of the scene imagery S400, computing foreground occlusionmasks and depths for the scene imagery S500, rendering scenesinteractively with occlusion masks S600, and modifying at least oneobject in the rendered scene S700, but the method can additionally oralternatively include adjusting and compositing the set of images intoscene imagery S300 and/or any other suitable element. The methodfunctions to generate an editable, photorealistic digital representationof the physical scene that was captured by the set of images. An exampleof a generated editable, photorealistic digital representation of thephysical scene is depicted in FIG. 15 .

All or portions of the method can be performed at a predeterminedfrequency, performed upon occurrence of an execution event (e.g., upon auser navigating to a front-end/end user application on a user device(e.g., 210 shown in FIG. 2 ), upon a user submitting images to an imageprocessing platform (e.g., 220 shown in FIG. 2 ), or any other suitableexecution event), performed in real- or near-real time, performedasynchronously, or performed at any other suitable time. All or aportion of the method can be performed locally at a user device orcapture device (e.g., smartphone), remotely at a remote processingsystem, at a combination thereof (e.g., wherein raw, derivative, orother data is transmitted between local and remote systems), orotherwise performed.

As shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 14 , in examples, the method includes one ormore of: obtaining an image, that includes one or more objects;determining metric scale data (e.g., ARkit™, ARCore™, SLAM information,visual-inertial odometry, IMU information, binocular stereo, multi-lenstriangulation, depth-from-disparity, depth sensors, range fingers, etc.)associated with the image; determining a photogrammetry point cloud fromthe image (e.g., using SLAM, SFM, MVS, depth sensors, etc.); determininga depth map (e.g., depth estimates for a set of image pixels; etc.) forthe image (e.g., by using neural networks based on the image, thephotogrammetry point cloud, hardware depth sensors, and/or any othersuitable information); determining an object-class per pixel usingsemantic segmentation based on the image and/or one or more downsampledimages of the original image and/or depthmaps; determining the floorplane(s) (e.g., using a cascade of 3D depthmap(s), surface normals,gravity, AR-detected planes, and semantic segmentation, etc.);determining edges (e.g., using image gradients or frequencies, neuralnetworks trained to identify edges in the image, using a cascade ofmethods based on the image, disparity maps determined from the image,the depth map, etc.); determining a dense scaled point cloud and/ordense scaled depth map (e.g., dense, scaled, point cloud with estimateddepths for every pixel) by combining the metric scale point cloud, thephotogrammetry point cloud and the (dense, estimated) depth map (e.g.,by generating a sparse scaled point cloud by scaling the photogrammetrypoint cloud with the metric scaled point cloud, then scaling the depthmap with the sparse scaled point cloud); generating a dense, scaled,accurate point cloud by fusing the photogrammetry point cloud (and/ormetric scale point cloud) with the depth map; correcting the edges inthe dense scaled (accurate) point cloud and/or dense scaled depth map;regularizing the resulting depth map and/or point cloud usinggeometries/physics information; regularizing the floor plane; anddetermining segmentation masks for each object based on the per pixelobject-classes. This example can optionally include one or more of:normalizing the regularized depth map; processing the normalizeddepthmap, regularized floor plane, and segmentation masks in thegraphics engine plugin (e.g., fragment shader) which functions totranslate the information into a form usable by the graphics engine;processing the translated information in the graphics engine (e.g.,running on the user device); displaying, on the end user application, astatic image output and virtual 3D objects; receiving user instructionsto modify/adapt the scene; and rendering the scene based on the userinstructions. However, the method can additionally or alternativelyinclude any other suitable element and/or process implemented in anyother suitable way.

In variants, the method includes reducing cast shadows when objects areremoved. In a first example, cast shadows are inferred and reduced usingimage processing techniques. In a second example, cast shadows areinferred using trained neural networks. In a third example, cast shadowsare inferred from detected and estimated light sources. In a fourthexample, cast shadows are inferred from inverse rendering and/oroptimization techniques using estimates of 3D light sources and/or 3Dgeometry. In a fifth example, cast shadows are inferred from intrinsicimage decomposition. In a sixth example, cast shadows are inferred fromplenoptic light field estimates.

In variants, the method performs placement processing for a virtualobject, adjusting the occlusion behavior based on object type andplacement context. For example, rather than having a real object occludea virtual object, the virtual object can be placed in the image in anon-occluding manner in according to one or more placement processingtechniques and situations.

In some variations, performing placement processing for a virtual objectincludes mapping 2D mouse or touch coordinates to a 3D scene positionfor a virtual object. In a first variant, if the virtual object beingplaced is a floor-mounted object (e.g., a sofa), 2D mouse or touchcoordinates are mapped to a corresponding 3D scene position on a 3Dfloor plane. In some implementations, placement of virtual objects on afloor plane is constrained to areas of open floor.

In a second variant, if the virtual object being placed is awall-mounted object (e.g., a mirror or wall art), 2D mouse or touchcoordinates are mapped to a 3D scene position on a 3D wall plane, notthe corresponding location on the floor plane, which would typically belocated behind the wall. In some implementations, placement of virtualobjects on a floor plane is constrained to areas of open wall.

In a third variant, if the virtual object being placed is a stackableobject (e.g., a vase commonly placed on a table), 2D mouse or touchcoordinates are mapped to a 3D scene position on the top of a surface inthe scene (of a photorealistic image). In some implementations, the baseof the 3D location of the placed object is placed on top of the scenegeometry located at indexed 2D screen coordinates. In someimplementations, the base of the 3D location of the placed object iscomputed using relative pointer motion, the scene surface mesh, and thegravity vector sliding the object along the surface contour usingphysically representative mechanics and collisions. In some variations,the system determines multiple viable stacking points for the object inthe region of the pointer, and queries the user for selection of astacking point to be used to place the stackable object.

2. Benefits.

The method can confer several benefits over conventional systems.

The applicant has discovered a new and useful system and method forgenerating an interactive, photorealistic model of a real-world scenewith existing objects modeled in a manner to enable occlusions, tobetter provide mixed-reality interactive experiences, as compared toconventional systems and methods. In particular, the interactiveplatform renders virtual objects within a photographic scene, whileproviding believable mixed-reality depth occlusions using improved andsmoothed 3D depth estimates and improved 3D edge boundaries (which areboth noisy in practice). Improved object boundary depths candramatically improve user experience, as humans are particularlysensitive to errant boundary pixels. In examples, improving the objectboundary depths is accomplished by: identifying the edges within a dense(reasonably accurate) depth map (e.g., based on depth gradients, basedon an edge map extracted from the same input image(s), based on asemantic segmentation map determined from the same input image(s),etc.); determining the object that the edges belong to (e.g., based onthe semantic segmentation map); and correcting the edge depths based onthe depth of the object that the edges belong to.

The applicant has further enabled dynamic occlusion (controllableobscuring of virtual objects by existing physical objects) anddisocclusion (removal of existing foreground objects) using computervision techniques and a standard 3D graphics engine (e.g., by developingcustom shaders and transforming the visual information to a formatcompatible with the graphics engine).

3. System.

The system (e.g., 200 shown in FIG. 2 ) preferably includes one or moreuser devices (e.g., 210) and one or more image processing platforms(e.g., 220), but can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

The user device 210 can include: one or more end user applications(clients; native applications, browser applications, etc.) 212, one ormore sensors (e.g., cameras 213, IMUs 214, depth sensors 215, etc.), oneor more SLAM and/or VIO engines 216, one or more augmented realityplatforms/engines (e.g., AR SDKs, such a ARkit™, ARcore™, etc.), one ormore computational photography engines 217, one or more neural networks218, one or more 3D graphics engines 211, one or more platform APIengines 219, one or more administrative applications 221, but canadditionally or alternatively include any other suitable components. Theuser device preferably ingests images in S100, optionally determinesauxiliary data associated with the images in S100 (e.g., exposureinformation, gravity and orientation, sparse or dense depth maps, metricscale, planes, etc.), displays rendered scenes in S600, and enablesscene modification in S700, but can additionally or alternativelyperform any other suitable functionality. The user preferablymodifies/interacts with the rendered scene via the user device, but theuser can additionally or alternatively interact with the scene remotelyfrom the user device and/or otherwise interact with the scene. The userdevice preferably interfaces with the platform (e.g., 220), but canadditionally or alternatively include the platform and/or otherwiserelate to the platform.

The image processing platform 220 preferably includes one or more clientAPI engines 222, but can additionally or alternatively include one ormore camera sensor data engines 223, one or more image processingengines 224, one or more SLAM/VIO engines 225, one or morephotogrammetry engines 226, one or more reference aligners 227, one ormore calibration or image aligners, one or more scale aligners 228, oneor more multi-image stitcher engines 229, one or more edge boundaryengines 231, one or more multi-scale segmentation engines 232, one ormore geometric neural networks 233, one or more fusion engines 234, oneor more regularizer engines 235, and/or any other suitable component.The platform (e.g., 220) and/or system (e.g., 200) preferably storesdata in and accesses data from one or more image repositories 241, oneor more image metadata repositories 242, one or more sensor datarepositories 243, one or more model repositories 244, one or moregeometric model repositories 245, one or more training data repositories247 and/or one or more application data repositories 246, but canadditionally or alternatively interface with any other suitablerepository. The platform (e.g., 220) can be one or more distributednetworks, one or more remote computing systems, included in the userdevice and/or any other suitable computing system.

An embodiment of the system components is depicted in FIG. 2 .

However, the system can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable components.

4. Method.

In variants, at least one component of the system 200 (shown in FIG. 2 )performs at least a portion of the method 100 (shown in FIGS. 1A-I).

4.1 Obtaining a Set of Images.

In variants, the method 100 includes obtaining at least one image S100.In a first variant, one image is obtained at S100. In a second variant,a set of several images is obtained at S100. Obtaining at least oneimage (S100) functions to provide base data for the generated scene.S100 preferably includes receiving and/or capturing images andassociated camera and sensor data for a set of positions in a scene(e.g., the set of positions in a scene can be a set of interiorpositions in a room) (S110 shown in FIG. 1B). In a first implementation,the captured images and associated data is uploaded from the user device(e.g., 210) to the platform (e.g., 220) (S120 shown in FIG. 1B). In asecond implementation, the captured images and associated data arestored at the user device and at least partially processed by using theuser device. However, S100 can additionally or alternatively include anyother suitable elements.

In variants, S100 is performed by the user device (e.g., 210 shown inFIG. 2 ), but can additionally or alternatively be performed partiallyor entirely by one or more components of the system (e.g. device,computing system), by an entity, or by any other suitable component.When the images are obtained (e.g., captured) by the user device (e.g.,by the capture application, end user application 212, and/or any othersuitable application), the images and/or any associated data can betransmitted from the device (e.g., 210) to a computing system (e.g.,remote computing system, platform 220, etc.) either directly orindirectly (e.g., via an intermediary). However, S100 can be otherwiseperformed by any suitable system.

The set of images can include a single image, two or more images, fiveimages, and/or any suitable number of images. The images of a set ofimages can share a common: scene (e.g., be regions of the same scene,include overlapping regions, etc.), rotation, translation, quality,alignment, altitude, be unrelated, or have any other suitablerelationship. An image of a set of images can optionally have one ormore subsets of images (e.g. repeat images of the same scene, close-upview of an element in the scene, cropped pieces of the captured scene,or any other suitable characteristic).

A set of images preferably capture a scene, as shown in FIG. 4 , but canadditionally or alternatively capture an entity, or any other suitableelement. The scene is preferably indoor (e.g., a room), but canadditionally or alternatively be an outdoor scene, a transition fromindoor to outdoor, a transition from outdoor to indoor, a collection ofspaces, or any other suitable scene. The scene preferably includes oneor more objects, but can additionally or alternatively includelandmarks, entities, and/or any other suitable element. The sets ofimages can depict the same scene, but additionally or alternatively candepict different scenes, overlapping scenes, adjacent scenes, or anyother suitable scene. For example, a first set of images could capture acommunal space (e.g., living area, work area, dining area, lounge,reception area, etc.) and a second set of images could capture a cookingspace (e.g., kitchen, commercial kitchen, kitchenette, cookhouse,galley, etc.). The images preferably capture adjacent, overlappingregions of the scene but can additionally or alternatively capturenon-adjacent regions of the scene, non-overlapping regions of the scene,or any other suitable configuration of the scene.

Each image in a set of images preferably overlaps a sufficient section(e.g., 50% of the pixels, 30% of the pixels, or any other suitablysufficient overlap) of another image included in the set (e.g.,preferably the one or more adjacent images, or any other suitableimage). Additionally or alternatively, each sequential image pair canshare an overlapping section of the scene (e.g., 0.5 meter overlap at 1meter distance, 2 meter overlap at 1 meter distance, etc.), or have anyother suitable overlap. Images of a set preferably cooperatively capturea continuous region of the scene (e.g., a horizontal region, a verticalregion, a rectangular region, a spherical region, or any other suitableregion). Images of a set preferably collectively cover a horizontal andvertical field of view suitably wide to cover the desired scene areawithout missing imagery (for example, at least 80 degree field of viewhorizontally and 57 degrees vertically, but can additionally oralternatively cover a larger, smaller, or any other suitable field ofview. An image of a set preferably contains at least one element orfeature that is present in at least one other image in the set, but canadditionally or alternatively include no shared elements or features.

Each image of the set of images is preferably associated with auxiliarydata. The auxiliary data can be obtained from the capture device (e.g.,determined by a camera's image signal processor (ISP), or augmentedreality engine), by an auxiliary sensor system, depth sensors, customvisual-inertial SLAM, known object detection, neural network estimates,user input (e.g., via the end user application 212), and/or be otherwisedetermined. The auxiliary data is preferably contemporaneously capturedwith the set of images, but can be captured asynchronously. Theauxiliary data is preferably associated with the image (e.g., with imagepixels, etc.) and/or set of images, but can be unassociated with theimage. Examples of the auxiliary data can include: gravity andorientation information, metric scale information, a metric sparse depthmap (e.g., depth measurements for a subset of the image's pixels), ametric dense depth map, plane estimates (e.g., floor planes, wallplanes, etc.), camera poses, an image index (e.g., from the guidedcapture, such as the image's position within the guided capture; thefirst image, the second image, the middle image, etc.; predeterminedpanorama position, etc.), time, location, camera settings (e.g. ISO,shutter speed, aperture, focus settings, sensor gain, noise, lightestimation, camera model, sharpness, focal length, camera intrinsics,etc.), image exposure information, two-dimensional features,three-dimensional features (e.g., depth data for a subset of the pixelsper image), optical flow outputs (e.g., estimated camera motion betweenimages, estimated camera motion during image capture, etc.), orientationand/or AR (augmented reality) and/or SLAM (simultaneous localization andmapping) and/or visual-inertial odometry outputs (e.g.,three-dimensional poses, six-dimensional poses, pose graphs, maps,gravity vectors, horizons, etc.), but additionally or alternativelyinclude any other suitable metadata. However, each image can beassociated with any other suitable data.

The metric scale information is preferably a point cloud (e.g. a set ofpoints such as 50 points, 100 points, etc.), but can additionally oralternatively be a set of metric scale camera positions, depthmaps, IMUkinematics, measurements and/or any other suitable information. Themetric scale information is preferably measured in meters but canadditionally or alternatively be in yards, feet, inches, centimeters,and/or any other suitable metric, however the metric scale informationcan be normalized or be otherwise represented. The metric scaleinformation can be estimated from the set of images (e.g., estimate thecamera location above a plane such as the floor, next to a plane such asa wall, etc.). However, the metric scale information can additionally oralternatively be otherwise determined.

S100 is preferably performed before S200, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously. S100 can be performedduring a capturing period. The capturing period can include one or moreiterations of S100. For example, the capturing period can produce one ormore sets of images (e.g. real, synthetic, generated, virtual, etc.).S100 can be performed on schedule and/or at any suitable time.

However, S100 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

4.2 Estimating Visual Information from Each Image S200.

In variants, the method includes estimating visual information from eachimage S200, which functions to determine features that can be used insubsequent processes. S200 can include one or more of: identifying 2Dimage features in each image and optional correspondences across imagesby performing feature extraction, tracking, and/or matching on eachimage (S210); identifying object boundaries and object classes in theimage by performing edge, contour, and segmentation estimation (S220);identifying 3D image features by performing multiview triangulationusing SLAM (and optionally VIO) processes (S230); estimating depths ofpixels and depth edges included in the image (S240); and identifying 3Dimage features by performing at least one photogrammetry process (e.g.,SFM, MVS, CNN) (S250), as shown in FIG. 1C.

Examples of features include keypoints; patches; blobs; edgels; linesegments; edgemaps, such as an image representation that reflects thestrength (e.g., binary, probability score, etc.) of an edge (e.g. edgepoint is labelled 1 and the other points are labelled 0 in the visualrepresentation); contours (e.g., outline representing and/or boundingthe shape or form of an object); segmentation masks (e.g., each mask canbe associated with an object in the scene); point clouds (e.g.,determined by photogrammetry, depth sensors, etc.); geometries (e.g.,relationships of points lines, surfaces, etc.); semantics (e.g.,correlating low level features such as colors; gradient orientation;with the content of the scene imagery such as wall, window, table,carpet, mirror, etc.); planes; depth; and/or any other suitable visualinformation.

The visual information can include two-dimensional features,three-dimensional features, or additionally or alternatively neuralnetwork features or any other suitable features. The features can comefrom the set of images, subsets of images from the set, metadataassociated with each image in the set of images, and/or from any othersuitable source.

Two-dimensional features that can be extracted (at S210) can includepixels, patches, descriptors, keypoints, edgels, edges, line segments,blobs, pyramid features, contours, joint lines, optical flow fields,gradients (e.g., color gradients), learned features, bitplanes, andadditionally or alternatively any other suitable feature.Two-dimensional features and/or correspondences can be extracted (e.g.,using feature-specific extraction methods), read (e.g., from metadataassociated with the image), retrieved data from the device, or otherwisedetermined. Two-dimensional features and/or correspondences can beextracted using one or more: feature detectors (e.g., edge detectors,keypoint detectors, line detectors, convolutional feature detectors,etc.), feature matchers (e.g., descriptor search, template matching,optical flow, direct methods, etc.), neural networks (e.g.,convolutional neural networks (CNN), deep neural networks (DNN),recurrent neural networks, generative neural networks, etc.), objectdetection (e.g., semantic segmentation, region-based segmentation, edgedetection segmentation, cluster-based segmentation, etc.), and any othersuitable method for extracting and matching features.

In one variation of correspondence identification in S200, if a camera'sintrinsics matrix and gravity vector estimate is available for an image(e.g. from inertial sensors in camera, from vanishing point estimation,from neural networks, etc.), then the vertical vanishing point can beestimated. The vertical vanishing point indicates the direction that all3D vertical lines in the scene should be pointing. Then, for every pointin an image, a vertical reference orientation (pointing from an imagepoint to the vanishing point) can be compared for all images. This canaid in feature matches, by only matching features that also havematching vertical orientation in each image, but can aid in any othersuitable manner.

In a second variation of correspondence identification in S200, if agravity vector estimate is available for an image (e.g. from inertialsensors in camera, from vanishing point estimation, from neuralnetworks, etc.) it can be used to add artificial, 3D plausible lines inthe images by constructing a gravity-oriented 3D projected line throughan image point and the calculated vanishing point. Generating suchvertical lines uniquely across images can also be used to generatevirtual line matches from point matches (e.g. gravity-oriented points),but can be used in any other suitable manner. However, correspondences(e.g., between features, objects, pixels, etc.) can be identified in anyother suitable manner.

S200 can include determining three-dimensional features (S210). Thethree-dimensional features can be determined based on: 3D features fromvisual-inertial odometry and/or SLAM, from multiple view triangulationof points or lines, from active depth sensors (e.g., depth data fromtime-of-flight sensors, structured light, LIDAR, range sensors, etc.),from stereo or multi-lens optics, from photogrammetry, from neuralnetworks, and any other suitable method for extracting 3D features.

The three-dimensional features can be: captured, extracted, calculated,estimated, or otherwise determined. The three-dimensional features canbe captured concurrently, asynchronously, or otherwise captured with theimages. Three-dimensional features can include depth data. The depthdata can be depth maps (e.g., sparse, dense, etc.), 3D meshes or models,signed-distance fields, point clouds, voxel maps, or any other suitabledepth data representation. The three-dimensional features can bedetermined based on the individual images from the set, multiple imagesfrom the set, or any other suitable combination of images in the set.The three-dimensional features can be extracted using photogrammetry(e.g., structure from motion (SFM), multi-view stereo (MVS), etc.),three-dimensional point projection, or any other suitable method.Three-dimensional point projection can include determining image planesfor an image pair using respective camera poses and projectingthree-dimensional points to both image planes using camera poses, or anyother suitable method.

Three-dimensional features that can be determined can include:three-dimensional camera poses (e.g., in metric scale),three-dimensional point clouds, three-dimensional line segment clouds,three-dimensional surfaces, three-dimensional feature correspondences,planar homographies, inertial data, or any other suitable feature. Theplanar homographies can be determined by estimating the homographiesbased on points and/or line matches (optionally enhanced by gravity), byfitting planes to 3D data, by using camera pose and/or rotationestimates, or otherwise calculated. However, S200 can additionally oralternatively include any other suitable elements performed in anysuitable manner.

In one variation, S200 includes determining a depth map (sparse depthmap) based on the set of images. This can include: computing disparityacross images of the set (e.g., based on camera pose estimates), andestimating semi-dense depth from the disparity (e.g., using binocularstereo camera methods).

In a second variation, S200 includes determining a depth map, registeredto the image, from a depth sensor.

In a third variation, S200 includes determining a semi-dense depth mapusing one or more photogrammetry techniques. This variation can leveragethe camera pose priors (e.g., from the augmented reality engine, VIO,SLAM, etc.), video and/or still image frames, preprocessed images (e.g.,from S300) point clouds (e.g., from AR, SFM, depth-from-disparity, MVSfor sparse 3D reconstruction and pose estimation, etc.), to obtainsparse 3D data from photogrammetry. In one example, S200 includesoptionally first registering the key photographic views, and then addingin video room scan data to maximize odds that key photographic views arecovered. In a second example, S200 includes using AR outputs (e.g.,worldmap, poses, etc.) and/or depth-from-disparity as priors or filters.However, the depth map can be otherwise determined.

In variants, S200 is performed by the platform (e.g., 220), but canadditionally or alternatively be performed by the user device (e.g.,210), or by any other suitable system.

S200 is preferably performed after S100, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously and/or at any othersuitable time.

However, S200 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any suitable manner.

4.3 Adjusting and Compositing the Set of Images into Scene Imagery S300.

In variants, in a case where a set of several images are obtained atS100, the method includes adjusting and compositing the set of imagesinto scene imagery S300. S300 preferably functions to generate aphotorealistic wide-angle image, but can additionally or alternativelyimprove image visual quality, rectify images, stitch images together(e.g., for subsequent analysis on the stitched-together image) (at S310shown in FIG. 1D), and/or generate any other suitable image for anyother suitable analysis or use. S300 preferably ingests the informationfrom S100 and S200, but can additionally or alternatively ingest anyother suitable information. S300 can include rectifying the images (S320shown in FIG. 1D), stitching the images into composite panoramas (S310),improving the image appearance (S330 shown in FIG. 1D), but canadditionally or alternatively process the set of images in any othersuitable manner.

In variants, S300 is performed by the platform (e.g., 220), but canadditionally or alternatively be performed by the user device (e.g.,210), or by any other suitable system.

S300 is preferably performed after S200, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously and/or at any othersuitable time.

Rectifying the images (S320) can include rotational rectification.Rotational rectification can function to correct camera orientation(e.g. pitch, yaw, roll, etc.) for a given image to improve appearance orreduce perspective distortion. Rotational rectification is preferablyapplied to each image of the set, but can additionally or alternativelybe applied to a composite image, a subset of the images (e.g., allimages except the reference image), a single image, or to any othersuitable set of images.

Rotational rectification can be achieved by rotation-based homographywarp of the image (e.g., raw image, globally aligned image, locallyaligned image, final panorama, etc.) relative to a set of targetrotations or target coordinate axes, or any other suitable method. Thetarget rotations can be computed using extrinsic camera pose estimates,gravity vectors, vanishing point calculations, device sensors, or anyother suitable method.

In a first example, rectifying the image includes: adjusting the pitchangle of camera to make vertical lines (which appear to slant in 2D dueto converging perspective) closer to parallel (e.g., in the image and/orin the 3D model). In a second example, rectifying the image includesadjusting the roll angle of the camera to make the scene horizon line(or other arbitrary horizontal line) level. In a third example,rectifying the image includes adjusting angles or cropping to optimizefield of view. In a fourth example, rectifying the image includes movingthe horizontal & vertical components of the principal point of theimage.

Gravity vectors can be useful to rectify images to identify angle ofpitch and roll. In man-made built environments, floors commonly havesurface normals in the gravity direction, and walls typically havesurface normals orthogonal to gravity.

Gravity vectors can be estimated by multiple methods. In a firstvariation, the gravity vector is calculated from the phone orientationor camera orientation, during image capture (e.g., from phone IMU). In asecond variation, the gravity vector is inferred from the images. In oneexample, the gravity vector can be inferred from vanishing pointclustering methods applied to line segment features, present in theimages. In a third variation, gravity directions can be estimated bytrained machine learning methods. In a fourth variation, gravitydirections are received from a user. However, the gravity directions canbe otherwise determined. However, the images can be otherwise rectified.

Determining stitched panoramas from the set of images (S310) can includeidentifying correspondences between images, computing coarse warps forimage alignment (e.g., based on correspondences or global parametricmotion models, using constrained local warping, content-preservingwarps, global shape anchors, etc.), computing local warps (e.g., locallymoving, floating, or stretching local areas of the image to better alignimages, seam-carving and blending (e.g. to seamlessly combine portionsof images), using slit-scan mosaicking, using novel view synthesis,using light field rendering, or additionally or alternatively includeany other suitable process or combination of processes.

Determining stitched panoramas from the set of images can includeblending, cropping, or otherwise modifying the images. Blending caninclude removing any visible edges when compositing the seam-carvedimages and/or blending pixels from overlapping images. Blending can bedone in the image domain, the gradient domain, the frequency domain, orother formulations. The blending can additionally or alternativelyinclude image normalization. Cropping can include making the finalpanorama rectangular for the desired horizontal and vertical field ofview (e.g., according to a predetermined size, shape, etc.), and/orrepositioning (e.g. centering) the principal point in one or twodimensions.

In one variation, S300 can include applying one or multiple pixel motionmodels to complete images or to partial images, which can function tocoarsely (i.e. approximately) align an image with other images in theset of images and/or to the currently aligned panorama being created.The outputs of the pixel motion models can be used to: find featurecorrespondences (e.g., wherein features are matched using thebulk-associated pixels); compute coarse warps (e.g., to find the coarsealignments); or otherwise used. The pixel motion models preferablyingest an image of interest and a reference image (e.g., both of whichcan be from the image set), or can use any other suitable set of inputs(e.g., camera motion parameters, etc.). The pixel motion modelspreferably output global or semi-global mappings that bulk associatepixels in the image to the target, but can additionally or alternativelyoutput motion parameters (e.g., parametric motion parameters), or outputany other suitable set of parameters. For example, S300 may use one ormultiple pixel motion models including: homography warps, affine warps,rotational warps, translational warps, optical flow fields,depth-layered warps, novel-view synthesis, or any other suitablecoarse-alignment technique. However, the pixel motion models can includelocal mappings, pixel-to-pixel associations, or any other suitablemodel.

An example of S300 is depicted in FIG. 12 .

However, S300 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

4.4 Estimating dense 3D Model and Semantics of the Scene Imagery S400.

In variants, the method includes S400, estimating dense 3D geometry,surfaces, and fine segmentation of the scene imagery. S400 preferablyfunctions to determine fused metric depth map, architectural surfaces,and enhanced segments, but can additionally or alternatively determineany other suitable information. In variants, S400 includes one or moreof: estimating boundaries and depth discontinuities S410; segmenting thescene S420 (e.g., performing multi-scale scene segmentation); estimatingdense pixelwise geometry S430; metric scaling geometry S440; estimatinghorizontal planes (e.g., floors and table tops, etc.) S450; performingmulti-model geometry regularization, densification, and fusion S460; andregularizing the final geometry (including planar surfaces such aswalls) and segmentation S470, as shown in FIG. 1E. However, S400 caninclude any other suitable processes. S400 is preferably performed afterS200 and/or S300, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously with S300, and/or at any other suitable time.

In variants, S400 is performed by the platform (e.g., 220), but canadditionally or alternatively be performed by the user device (e.g.,210), or by any other suitable system.

Estimating boundaries and depth discontinuities S410 preferablyfunctions to estimate edges of objects (included within an imageobtained at S100 or composited at S300), which can subsequently be usedto guide semantic segmentation, to correct edges in the depth maps orpoint clouds (e.g., the dense depth map; sparse depth map; dense, scaleddepth map, etc.), or otherwise used. S410 can be performed before S420,but can additionally or alternatively be performed at any other suitabletime. S410 preferably determines edges based on information fromS100-S300 (e.g., object information, metric scale information, metadata,visual information, depth discontinuities, extracted features, the rawset of images, pre-processed images, etc.), but can additionally oralternatively determine edges based on any other suitable set of data.The resultant edgemaps (generated by estimating edges of objects) arepreferably associated with (e.g., aligned with) pixels from the rawimage set (e.g., obtained at S100), but can additionally oralternatively be associated with point cloud or depth map points (e.g.,in the sparse depth map, dense depth map, etc.) or any other suitabledatum. S410 can determine estimates of edges of objects using one ormore methods. Examples of methods that can be used to determineestimates of edges of objects include: 2D image gradient techniques(e.g., Canny edge detector, Sobel derivatives, Laplacians, line segmentdetectors such as LSD, MCMLSD, EDLines, etc.); neural network based linedetection algorithms; neural network based wall seam and architecturaledge detection algorithms; neural network based contour detectionalgorithms using disparity maps and/or depthmaps to identify regionslikely to have sudden change in depth (i.e., depth discontinuity),optionally refining the maps/depth edges using RGB image information;using multi-scale variations of the aforementioned techniques; and/orany other suitable process.

An example of object edges estimated at S410 is depicted in FIG. 11 .

However, S410 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

Segmenting the scene S420 preferably functions to determine semanticprobabilities for each of a set of pixels, and can optionally determineedges for each identified object. Segmenting the scene (S420) caninclude generating a semantic segmentation map that can be used to:refine edge depth in the dense, scaled, fused depth map; generate objectmasks; and/or be otherwise used. S420 preferably functions to outputfused ensemble semantic probabilities (e.g., by chaining multiplesemantic segmentation techniques) but can additionally or alternativelyperform any other suitable set of functionalities. In someimplementations, scene segmentation is performed by performing at leastone semantic segmentation process (e.g., using a classifier, a neuralnetwork, a convolutional neural network, an ensemble of classifiers, atree classifier, etc.). S420 is preferably performed after S410, but canadditionally or alternatively be performed at any other suitable time.S420 is preferably performed using the raw image set (e.g., obtained atS100), but can additionally or alternatively be performed using: theedgemap (e.g., generated S410), the depth maps (e.g., dense depth map,sparse depth map), the pre-processed image (e.g., generated at S300),and/or any other suitable data. In one example of S420, S420 caninclude: using multi-scale segmentation, using edgemap fusion (e.g.,probabilistic perceptual edges for spatial-weighting), using CRF andother edge enhancement, and/or using depth estimates to improvesegmentation, but can additionally or alternatively include using anyother suitable method.

In a first variation, S420 includes segmenting objects appearing in thescene captured by the raw image set (obtained at S100), and determininga class (and/or a class probability) for each of pixel forming thesegments.

In a second variation, S420 can include a multi-scale ensemble scheme toachieve both fine pixel segmentation (using at least one high resolutionversion of the image(s) and edge probabilities) and classificationrobustness (using at least one lower resolution version of theimage(s)). An example of S420 can include: down-sampling the images fromthe raw image set based on a set (e.g., pyramid configuration) ofdown-sampling thresholds (e.g., choosing 1 pixel per 5×5 pixel region,wherein regions have no overlap, choosing 1 pixel per 10×10 pixelregion, etc.) to generate a set of different-resolution versions of theimage (segmentation images). Each segmentation image is then processedby one or more of the same or different semantic segmentationclassifiers to obtain edge values and/or object classes for each pixelin the respective image. The results of the multiple semanticsegmentation processes are then merged by prioritizing the edge valuesfrom higher-resolution images and prioritizing the class values fromlower-resolution images. In one example, for each pixel in an image, aprobability score for each object-class is organized in a vector. Aweighted score vector can be determined for a pixel by multiplying(elementwise) the vector of probability scores (for that pixel) by avector of weights (wherein each weight can be the same, the weights canbe different, the weights can be based on information associated withthe thresholds and/or otherwise determined). Each weighted score vectorcan be combined (e.g., addition, multiplication, etc.) to determine acombined vector. The entry in the combined vector with the highest valuecan be determined to be the object-class of the pixel.

In a third variation, the per pixel object-classes can be combined toobtain object masks (e.g., each pixel associated with an object classcan be combined to form a single object mask).

An example of S420 is depicted in FIGS. 5 and 13 .

However, S420 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

In variants, estimating dense pixelwise geometry S430 functions todetermine a dense depth map for the image (e.g., obtained at S100,composited at S300, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, estimatingdense pixelwise geometry S430 functions to determine a point cloud forthe image. This dense geometry preferably includes a depth estimate foreach pixel (or a depth estimate for a threshold proportion of the pixelsin a given image or image set, e.g., more than 50%, 60%, 70%, 90%,etc.). In some implementations, the determined depth estimates can beinaccurate and/or unsealed. Additionally or alternatively, the densegeometry can be accurate and/or scaled. S430 can be performed using: theraw image set, the auxiliary data, and/or any other suitable input. Inone variation, the images and/or image segments can be one or more cropsfrom the images determined in S100 (optionally warped-rotated) (e.g., tofeed into estimation algorithms such as neural networks, regressions,nearest neighbors, etc.), which can for example function to allow imagesof the wrong dimensions to match neural network input tensors, and/or toprovide multi-scale invariance and improved stability, but canadditionally or alternatively provide any other suitable set offunctionalities.

Estimating dense pixelwise geometry (e.g., estimating depth estimatesfor pixels in the image) at S430 is preferably performed using one ormore neural networks, but can be otherwise performed. Examples of theneural networks include: single-view (monocular) depth and normal neuralnetworks, two-view (stereo) depth and normal neural networks, andmulti-video depth and normal neural networks. In some variations, depthestimates for pixels are estimated from semi-dense data generated byperforming at least one of a depth-from-disparity process and amultiview stereo process. Additionally, or alternatively, depthestimates for pixels are estimated from semi-dense data generated fromhardware depth sensors. However, any other suitable method can be usedto generate semi-dense data for estimating depth of pixels in the imagebeing processed at S430. In one example, S430 fuses multiple semi-denseand dense depth estimation techniques to determine depth maps of theimages and/or image segments of S100 or S300. S430 is preferablyperformed contemporaneously with S420, but can additionally oralternatively be performed before, after, or at any other suitable time.

In one example, S430 uses a depth estimation network that internallyoptimizes depth and normal priors from S250 to improve geometryestimation. However, dense pixelwise geometry can be otherwiseestimated.

However, S430 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

The method can include S440: metric scaling the dense geometry (e.g.,generated at S430). In variants, the 3D geometry output by S200 isscaled at S440. Additionally, or alternatively, the depth map output atS430 is scaled at S440. However, any other suitable 3D geometry can bescaled at S430. In variants, at S440, the depth map is scaled based onmetric scale information captured with the image set (at S100).Additionally, or alternatively, the depth map can be scaled based oncloud-based visual-inertial odometry, information identifying detectedobjects with known scale (and depth) within the scene, manualmeasurements, or any other suitable type of data or information. Scalingof the dense geometry (at S440) can be performed contemporaneously withS430, after S430, and/or performed at any other suitable time.

In a first variation of S440, the dense depth map (generated at S430) isscaled using metric scale information (e.g., metric scaled point cloud,metric scaled planes, etc.) captured with the image set (at S110). Insome implementations, the metric scale information is filtered usingstatistics, estimated geometry and segmentation data to remove outliersand noise.

In a second variation of S440, the dense geometry (generated at S430) isscaled using a pre-scaled sparse (photogrammetry) depth map (e.g.,generated at S200). In some implementations, the photogrammetry depthmap (e.g., generated at S200) is scaled using metric scale informationcaptured with the image set (at S110). In some implementations, metricscaling the geometry (at S440) functions to fuse the metric scaleinformation (e.g., point cloud) with the photogrammetry point cloud, butcan additionally or alternatively provide any other suitable set offunctionalities.

In some implementations, the dense depth map generated at S430 is scaledat S440.

Scaling at S440 (for either of the photogrammetry depth map generated atS200, or the dense depth map generated at S430) can include one or moreof: using a visual-inertial SLAM/AR sparse point cloud and interpolationto assign metric scale to photogrammetry point clouds/reconstructions;using a visual-inertial SLAM/AR sparse point cloud and meshdensification (e.g., Delaunay triangulation, Poisson filtering,least-squares filtering, etc.) to propagate metric scale tophotogrammetry point clouds (or reconstructions); using visual-inertialSLAM/AR sparse point clouds and dense neural network depth estimates topropagate metric scale to photogrammetry point clouds (reconstructions);using visual-inertial SLAM/AR metric pose estimates to fuse metric scaleinformation with photogrammetry, such as by determining a best-fitscaling (or metric scaling factor) for poses (e.g., determining a bestfit similarity transform by determining rotation and translation betweenphotogrammetry pose estimates and/or visual-inertial SLAM/AR poseestimates) and aligning photogrammetry pose estimates to visual-inertialSLAM/AR pose estimates (e.g., to determine a metric scaling factor);using detected planes from AR and/or segmentation (e.g., from neuralnetworks; clustering algorithms, histogram-based methods, and/or anyother suitable method) to infer metric scale; and/or usingvisual-inertial SLAM/AR (sparse) point clouds and/or floor segmentationto align/scale floor planes to photogrammetry pointclouds/reconstructions; using metric scale depth estimates from depthsensors (e.g. depthmaps from ToF or structured light sensors) to improvegeometric scale; using metric scale depth estimates from stereo ormulti-lens cameras to improve geometric scale; using known objectdetection to improve geometric scale; using fiducial markers to improvegeometric scale; and using user-input measurements or adjustments toimprove geometric scale. However, any suitable process can be used toperform scaling at S440.

In a first example, scaling at S440 includes: scaling a point cloud byusing a height estimate. The height estimate can be a floor-plane heightestimate. The height estimate can be a high quality, metric-scale heightestimate. The height estimate can be determined from visual-inertialodometry, AR platform, range sensor, fiducial marker, or any suitableprocess. The point cloud can be a photogrammetry point cloud, a densepoint cloud, or any suitable type of point cloud. Scaling the pointcloud can include scaling the point cloud with a scalar. Scaling thepoint cloud can function to make the height of the floor class points(point cloud points of a room's floor in a scene captured by theimages(s) obtained at S100) consistent with the estimated floor planeheight. The scaling can be performed by using a robust model fit (e.g.RANSAC, median scaling, etc.). In variants where the point cloud (e.g.,photogrammetry point cloud, dense point cloud) is scaled using ahigh-quality floor plane estimate, the point cloud can optionally berefined or augmented by adding/replacing the depth of all pixels whichare confidently segmented as an object class (e.g., floor) to and/orwith the depth of the floor plane, but the photogrammetry point cloudcan be scaled using any other suitable process. For example, if thedepth of the floor is known, the estimated depths for all pixelsassociated with the floor (as determined by segmentation resultsgenerated at S420) are set to the depth of the floor. In someimplementations, a depth is assigned to each segment identified duringsegmentation at S420, and pixels or points associated with a segment areassigned the depth of the segment. In this manner, rather than estimate,or determine, a depth for each pixel of a segment, a depth is determinedfor the segment, and this depth is assigned to each pixel or pointrelated to the segment. In a specific example in which a segment is aplanar surface, the depth of each pixel representing the planar surfaceis estimated based on the geometry of the planar surface, such that theestimated depths for each pixel of the surface all lie within a sameflat geometric plane.

In a second example, scaling at S440 includes: using adjacent SLAM/ARmap points (which overlap or are nearby to the points within thephotogrammetry or dense point cloud) to scale the point cloud such thatthe point cloud's points best agree with the adjacent SLAM/AR map pointsin the image(s) (e.g., from S100). S440 can optionally useinterpolation/extrapolation methods to estimate values between sparseSLAM/AR points (e.g., using RANSAC, median scaling, ICP, and/or anyother suitable model).

In a third example, scaling at S440 includes: scaling the photogrammetrypoint cloud by fitting a similarity transform to the camera posepositions of the photogrammetry and/or AR point clouds, finding theoptimal transform (e.g., that best makes the poses agree, that isoptionally robust, that is optionally tolerant of outliers, etc.) andapplying the transform to the photogrammetry point cloud, a subset ofpoints of the photogrammetry point cloud, and/or any other suitablepoint cloud.

In a fourth example, scaling at S440 includes: computing a scalingfactor from metric scale camera poses (e.g. from SLAM/AR) andphotogrammetry poses. Determining scale from photogrammetry poses andmetric poses can include computing baseline distances for thephotogrammetry poses (e.g. from an arbitrary reference pose index),computing baselines for the metric poses (e.g. from the same referencepose index), determining scale ratios by scaling the baselines of themetric poses by the baselines for the photogrammetry poses (e.g., usingelement-wise division), and robustly determining the best scaling factorthat brings the photogrammetry poses into conformance with the SLAM/ARmetric poses (e.g. rejection extreme outliers, robust averages, RANSAC,etc.).

In a fifth specific example of S440, global scale can be determined byrobustly computing a global scalar that causes the metric points (e.g.from visual inertial SLAM/AR, etc.) to best fit with the estimatedgeometry. Determining a global scalar that best fits metric points togeometry can include: robustly determining global scalar fromoverlapping (or nearly overlapping) portions of photogrammetry depthmaps and metric depthmaps; robustly determining global scalar fromprojecting and intersecting metric points onto interpolations and/orextrapolations of sparse geometry (e.g. Delaunay tesselation,least-squares meshing, neural network interpolation); robustlydetermining global scalar from projecting and intersecting metric pointsonto dense reconstructions.

In a sixth example of S440, scaling is restricted to certain points,pixels or segmentation classes (e.g. only use floor points, only usehigh-confidence points, avoid mirrors or reflective surfaces, avoidobjects behind windows, avoid distant points, etc.).

In a seventh example of S440, global scale can be determined bydetecting heights of objects based on detecting known objects in animage and obtaining the height based on a predetermined height (or setof heights) of the known object (e.g., retrieved from a database).

In an eighth example of S440, global scale can be determined bydetermining the height of the camera from the floor plane thephotographer is standing on based on the heights of known objects in theimage calculated using single-view odometry using gravity (see FIG. 7 ),an average camera height (e.g., 1.43 meters, 4.7 feet, 5 feet, etc.),and/or determined in any other suitable manner; determining planes orparameters thereof (e.g., height) based on user input (e.g., finetuning) where the user adjusts a floor height to define the height(e.g., based on visual cues) or drags a virtual marker to define thecorners and/or edges of the floor or wall; and/or determining planesbased on user input (e.g., manual measures) where the user can mark avertical floor height for a known height in the image; but canadditionally or alternatively include any other suitable process. Theprocess can be a single process, a set of chained processes (e.g.,executed sequentially) and/or suitable process.

A specific example of estimating camera height above floor from knownobjects is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 , wherein the camera height isestimated from a measured height from a reference object to the floor(RF) using gravity, vanishing points, and projective geometry. Invariants, this includes computing the camera to floor height (“h_(c)”)based on a known reference object height (“h_(r)”) (e.g., using crossratios) where the vanishing line and the vanishing point can bedetermined based on the plane normal of the (x-z) plane parallel to thefloor (e.g., gravity). In a specific example, the camera height can becomputed using the following equation:

$\frac{h_{R}}{h_{C}} = {1 - \frac{{d\left( {v,f} \right)} \cdot {d\left( {c,r} \right)}}{{d\left( {v,r} \right)} \cdot {d\left( {c,f} \right)}}}$where v is the vertical vanishing point, f is the floor point alignedwith v, c is the camera height at the horizon, r is a point on thehorizontal virtual plane extending through the top of the referenceobject aligned with f and v, and d(x,y) can be the distance between thex and y points. However, any other suitable equation can be used. In anexample, two pixel projections of the end points of a vertical linesegment of a reference object, which should pass through verticalvanishing point “v” and intersect the horizon vanishing line at “c” asshown in FIG. 7 .

However, S440 can additionally or alternatively include a combination ofthe above and/or any other suitable elements performed in any othersuitable manner.

S450 preferably identifies horizontal planes (e.g., floors), but canadditionally or alternatively identify vertical planes (e.g., walls)and/or any other suitable plane. S450 can optionally determine heights,surface normal, orientation, and/or any other suitable planeinformation. S450 can be performed contemporaneously with S440, after,and/or at any other suitable time. The planes can be determined basedon: neural network surface normal and/or plane estimators, auxiliaryinformation (e.g., AR detected planes, AR point planes, gravitymeasurements, etc.), plane fitting to point clouds or depth map(s),semantic segmentation map, fiducials, manual labels, and/or any othersuitable input. The planes can be determined using: trained machinelearning models, heuristics, histogram searching, RANSAC, robust modelfitting, plane-fitting, and/or any other suitable method or combinationthereof (e.g., cascade, voting).

In some examples, estimating planes (at S450) includes one or more of:using planes detected by an AR (Augmented Reality) platform (e.g.,included in the user device 210 of the system 200, included in theplatform 220 of the system 200, shown in FIG. 2 ); estimating planes byusing robust fitting of line, point, class and/or surface normalfeatures; determining horizontal planes by first orienting a referenceaxis parallel to gravity (e.g. the Y axis of AR systems is often definedas -gravity) and then using histograms of the gravity-aligned componentof 3D points, where the peaks indicate horizontal planes; determininghorizontal planes based on fitting planes to point clouds with a surfacenormal parallel to the gravity vector (e.g., using histogram search,RANSAC, search, and/or any other suitable model fit); determining floorplanes by filtering point clouds for points labeled as semantic floorclasses, before horizontal plane fitting; determining horizontal and/orfloor planes using a trained neural network that determines planeregions and plane equations; determining architectural boundaries (e.g.,floor, wall, ceiling, etc.) based on floor/wall/ceiling points near wallseams, near chair legs, near sofa boundaries, and/or based on any othersuitable set of points; handling noise and unreliable points bydetermining point confidence weighting, which can be achieved bydetermining the number of views the point was visible, reprojectionerror/variance, closeness to a wall boundary, closeness to a depthocclusion (photogrammetry methods can cause false depth overhangs),local intensity variance across images, and/or using any other suitableprocess; and determining normal vectors and depths based on recognizingspecial markers (e.g., fiducials) on horizontal surfaces.

However, S450 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

In variants, performing multi-model geometry regularization,densification, and fusion at S460 includes combining data to determine afused depth map for the image (e.g., obtained at S100, generated atS300). In some implementations, the fused depth map is a dense,accurate, scaled depth map. In some implementations, combining data todetermine the fused depth map includes: combining output generated bymultiple models and available depth estimates. In some implementations,the available depth estimates include one or more of: depth estimatesincluded in the photogrammetry point cloud, depth estimates included inthe neural network dense depth map, depth estimates included in the ARsparse depth map, depth estimates included in depthmaps, depth estimatesincluded in plane equations, and the like. S460 can be performedcontemporaneously with S450, after S450, and/or at any other suitabletime relative to S430, S440, and/or S450.

In variants, performing multi-model geometry regularization,densification, and fusion at S460 includes one or more of: determining afused depth map by fusing the photogrammetry, neural geometry and/or ARpoint clouds (e.g., use the dense depth map's estimates to fill gaps inthe photogrammetry and/or AR point clouds); filtering (local) outliersin MVS data (e.g., during the process of fusing the photogrammetry,neural geometry and/or AR point clouds); and densifying the point clouds(e.g., using Delaunay triangulation, Poisson meshing, LS filtering,bilateral filtering, domain transfer filtering, etc.). In someimplementations, S460 includes performing local error correction and/orspace filling for the fused depth map by using least squares meshes. Insome implementations, meshes are used as an interpolation mechanism fordepth and/or delta depth for tight local error correction or spacefilling, and/or for any other suitable functionality.

In one example of S460, fusing the photogrammetry point cloud with theneural depth map includes one or more of: removing outliers by filteringand averaging the depths of the photogrammetry point cloud; addingadditional pseudo depth points (e.g., from the scaled neural depth map)around the perimeter of the image (e.g., so that the convex hull of thephotogrammetry point cloud contains the whole image and/or for any othersuitable benefit) where the pseudo depth points can optionally be spacedaround the perimeter of the image (e.g., distal regions with realphotogrammetry points, proximal regions with real photogrammetry points,etc.); optionally applyingdensification/meshing/interpolation/extrapolation techniques to densifysparse data (e.g., using methods including 2D Delaunay triangulationinterpolation, Poisson filter mesh, least squares meshing, and/or anyother suitable process); fusing depth data (e.g. neural depth data) withsparse depth data (e.g., photogrammetry point cloud, AR point clouds,etc.) by filling in gaps in the sparse depth data with the dense depthdata; and regularizing the resultant depth map (e.g., by segmentationclasses, normal, and/or other priors) to output a fused, dense depthmap. However, S460 can be otherwise performed.

In a specific example, S460 can use 2D Delaunay triangulation ofphotogrammetry data as an interpolation mechanism for depth for tightlocal error correction and space filling of neural dense depth data. The2D Delaunay triangulation algorithm can include one or more of:filtering outliers of the photogrammetry depths, generating 2D Delaunaytriangle meshes based on MVS points (semi-dense), computing delta depthsbetween the photogrammetry depths and the neural depths on thetriangular vertices (e.g., by, on a 2D image, determining the differencebetween the photogrammetry depth and the neural depth), interpolatingthe sparse delta depths based on local triangles and/or perspectivecorrection techniques; and combining the interpolated delta depths andthe neural depths (e.g., by adding) to obtain the corrected depth map.

In a second example, S460 can use energy-minimizing meshes such asLeast-squares meshes and Laplacian meshes to refine a dense depth map bysteering the depth map locally toward sparse photogrammetry anchordepths while preserving the local shape relationship of the dense depth.S460 can additionally or alternatively include any other interpolationand/or optimization mechanism for fusing dense neural depths with sparsedepths and/or provide any other suitable set of benefits.

However, S460 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

In variants, regularizing geometries and segmentation S470 functions tojointly improve geometry (including planar surfaces) and segmentation.In many cases, segmentation can be used to improve geometry, andgeometry can be used to improve segmentation. S470 can regularize thegeometry using: a segmentation map (e.g., by regularizing geometrieswithin the same segment), normal maps, planes (e.g., from S450), depthsensor data, VIO (Visual Inertial Odometry) outputs, depth maps (e.g.,from S460, S430, S440, etc.), and/or any other suitable data.Regularizing geometries and segmentation (S470) can include usingenergy-based optimization, filtering, heuristics, and/or any othersuitable method to determine regularized geometry and/or segmentation.S470 can be performed after, before, and/or contemporaneously with S460,and/or at any other suitable time.

In one example, S470 includes regularizing walls to improve theirsurface normal accuracy (e.g. vertical walls should be orthogonal to thefloor plane) and uniformity (e.g. flatness). Regularizing walls can bedetermined based on multiple sources of representational data such asfrom SFM (structure from motion) & MVS (multi-view stereo)photogrammetry, neural networks, architectural seams, vanishing points,gravity, plane equations, semantic segmentation, and/or any otherinformation. The regularization can be modelled as anenergy-minimization optimization and solved using linear or variationalmethods.

In a second example, S470 can include regularizing semantic segmentationdata using color images, segmentation maps, depthmaps and/or pointclouds, and normal maps. The regularization can reduce false negativesand false positives in segmentation by using plural modalities such asnormals, 3D depths and/or point cloud of the scene. As illustrated inFIG. 8 , floor pixels mis-segmented as not-floor can be corrected usingthe class probability and likelihood that class would have local depthsand normals as observed.

In one example, the refinement algorithm can include three passes. Thefirst phase (e.g., FIG. 8 ) can include: determining high probabilitypoints p (e.g., probability(p)>0.9) using a point-to-plane distance,given a 3D estimated floor plane and a probability map of segmentedfloor points. A threshold over Euclidean distance can be used. Depth ofconfirmed points can be refined using the computed point-to-planedistance difference. However, the first phase can additionally oralternatively include any other suitable process.

The second phase (e.g. FIG. 8 ) can process the mid-probability points(e.g., p (0.5<probability(p)<0.9)). A voting scheme can be applied torefine the floor-labels as follows: using MVS, compute, for each point pwithin a search window, the distance to the detected floor plane and/orthe normals deviation using the floor's estimated normal. If bothconditions are satisfied, point p can be attributed a vote. If point pholds enough votes (above a threshold), it is then confirmed as a floorpoint; otherwise, it's assigned the label of its second highestprobability segment. The search window can be adaptive depending on thesparsity/density of the inputs. Confirmed points' depth can be refinedas described in the first phase. Optionally, in case of sparse points orin favor of time-processing, the refined label can be attributed asfollows: (a) cluster the mid-probability points using normals; (b) foreach cluster, if the sum of received votes is significant, then assignthe cluster a floor label; else, assign its second highest predictedlabel.

In the third phase (e.g. FIG. 8 ), non-floor labeled points can beprocessed. A similar voting scheme as described in phase two can beimplemented for non-floor labeled points. Points/pixels are correctedusing a search window: if significant window-pixels are confirmed as afloor-point, then the current pixel's label can be labeled as floor.Otherwise the initial predicted label can be retained.

The transformation can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable process/phase, and/or be applied to other object classes.

However, S470 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

However, S400 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements

4.5 Computing Foreground Occlusion Masks and Depths for the SceneImagery S500.

S500 preferably functions to determine foreground occlusion masks and/ordepths for the scene imagery (e.g., for each of a set of objectsappearing in the scene), but can additionally or alternatively performany other suitable set of functionalities. In variants, severalocclusion data assets are generated for the image being processed. Theseocclusion data assets can be used to render a scene at S600. Invariants, the data assets can be used by a renderer to render (e.g., inreal time) virtual objects onto a real scene, and perform occlusion(e.g., conditional occlusion) processing for virtual objects thatoverlap real objects in the rendered scene.

The data assets generated at S500 can include one or more of:photorealistic imagery 501; an object mask with clean depth edges 502; adense depthmap that includes depth estimates for each pixel of the imagebeing processed 503; and information identifying pixels that correspondto key geometric surfaces (e.g., walls, floors, horizontal surfaces,etc.) 504, as shown in FIG. 3 .

The data assets generated at S500 can be used to identify real objectsin the rendered scene, and depths for each identified real object. Forexample, an object mask can identify pixels associated with each realobject in the rendered scene. By generating object masks with cleandepth edges, the object boundaries can more easily be identified. Byusing the dense depthmap, the depth of each identified real object canbe identified at each pixel of the object. By virtue of the clean depthedges of the object masks, depth estimates for object edges can becorrected for consistency with edge geometry of the object (e.g., alldepths along a straight edge should have the same depth, or depthsshould lie along a continuous line, etc.). By using the data thatidentifies the geometric surfaces, depth estimates for object edges canbe corrected for consistency with surface geometry of the object (e.g.,all depths within a planar surface should have the same depth, or depthsthat lie within a continuous plane, etc.). For example, depth estimatesfor a floor surface should be the same, or at least be consistent with agenerally flat surface (e.g., not have depths that would suggest thatthe floor has holes or bulges).

In variants, S500 includes: identifying edge pixels included in edges ofreal objects included in the photorealistic image, by using at least onegenerated object mask (e.g., segmentation mask 502), and for at leastone edge pixel, adjusting the depth for the pixel based on depths ofother edge pixels included in the same edge.

In variants, S500 includes: identifying planar surface pixels that areincluded in a planar surface identified by the generated geometricsurface information (e.g., 504), and for at least one planar surfacepixel, adjusting the depth for the pixel based on depths of other planarsurface pixels included in the same planar surface. In someimplementations, planar surfaces identified by the generated geometricsurface information (e.g., 504) include at least one of a wall surfaceand a floor surface. However, any suitable surface can be identified bythe geometric surface information.

In variants, S500 includes one or more of: computing connectedcomponents/subregions S510; regularizing connected component occlusiondepths S520; and storing occlusion masks and depths S530, as shown inFIG. 1F. However, S500 can additionally or alternatively include anyother suitable process. S500 can be performed after S400,contemporaneously with S400, and/or at any other suitable time.

In variants, S500 is performed by the platform (e.g., 220 shown in FIG.2 ), but can additionally or alternatively be performed by the userdevice (e.g., 210), or by any other suitable system.

Computing connected components/subregions S510 can be performed afterS400, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously and/or at any other suitable time. In variants, theocclusion masks are determined based on one or more of: the semanticsegmentation map (e.g., from S420, from S470, etc.); a subset of thesemantic segmentation map (e.g., segments for a given object class); adepth map (e.g., fused depth map from S460, dense depth map, sparsedepth map, etc.); and/or any other suitable data. The occlusion maskscan be determined using filters (e.g., median filtering, pseudo-medianfilters, bilateral filters, smoothing, other non-linear digitalfiltering, etc.) or otherwise determined. Computing connected componentsS510 can include: for each semantic segmentation class in the class set(identified at S420): gathering the set of independent connectedcomponents. In variants, for each connected component, the region maskedby the connected component is obtained from the depth map (e.g.,obtained at S430 or S460). In variants, a smoothing filter (e.g., medianfilter smoothing kernel) is applied over the obtained region.

A specific example of a filtered and edge-enhanced depth map is depictedin FIG. 9 .

However, S510 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

Regularizing connected component occlusion depths S520 functions toenhance the depths at the edges of objects. By enhancing depths at theedges of objects, visual appearance of a resulting displayed image canbe improved. For example, when placing virtual objects in a scene,occlusion of virtual objects by images of real objects can be improvedby providing more locally consistent, more RGB consistent, and/or moreaccurate depths for at the edges of the images of the real objects. Byhaving more accurate depths for edges of real objects, the system canmore accurately determine whether a virtual object is placed in frontof, or behind, the image of the real object. By more accurately aligningdepth edges to color edges of objects, object occlusion is also moreconvincing. If there is variance in the depths of the real object at theobject's edges, the system might determine that the virtual object is infront of portions of the real object, and behind other portions of thereal object, resulting in a distorted image. S520 functions to improvethe occlusion operations described herein by more accurately determiningdepths at the edges of real objects.

S520 is preferably performed after S510, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously or at any other suitabletime.

At S520, depths at the edges of real objects in the image can be moreaccurately determined by using one or more of depth maps (e.g., 901),color images (e.g., 902) and normal maps (e.g., 904 shown in FIG. 4 ).This information can be used to more accurately identify the edges ofobjects, which should have similar depths (or at least depths that varyin a manner that is consistent with the object's geometry.

S520 can include regularizing connected component occlusion depths bycombining depth maps, color images and normal maps. S520 can bedetermined based on depth map(s) (e.g., the fused depth map), a set ofimages (e.g., from S100, S300), a normal map, and/or any other suitabledata.

In one example of S520, depths can be determined by combining depthmap(s) (e.g., input image depth map 901 shown in FIG. 9 , filteredand/or edge-enhance image depth map 903 shown in FIG. 9 ), color images(e.g., 902 shown in FIG. 9 ), and normal map(s) (e.g., 904 shown in FIG.9 ). Determining depths by combining depth maps(s), color images andnormal map(s) can include: for each pixel in the input image depth map(e.g., 901): given a search window (region of neighboring pixels such ask×k, 3×3, 10×10, etc.), determining a dissimilarity weight usingguidance image(s) between pixels i and j. Determining a dissimilarityweight using guidance image(s) between pixels i and j can includedetermining a similarity between pixels i and j based on one or more of:a color assigned to each pixel, a surface color assigned to a surfacethat includes the pixels, a surface that is associated with each pixel,and information for each pixel that is recorded in at least one normalmap. The dissimilarity weights can be computed based on the determinedsimilarities (e.g., a dissimilarity weight value can increase as thesimilarity between a pair of pixels decreases). In some implementations,the input image depth map (e.g., 901) is filtered based on thedissimilarity weight (e.g., drawing a sharper edge at pixels with highdissimilarity weights). In other words, adjacent pixels having a highdissimilarity weight can identify a edge of a real object, whereasadjacent pixels having a low dissimilarity weight can identify pixelswithin an interior region (surface) of the object. In one example, thedissimilarity weight (W) can be calculated as follows:

${W_{i,j}\left( {C,N} \right)} = {e^{- \frac{{C_{i} - C_{j}}}{\sigma_{c}}}e^{- \frac{{N_{i}*N_{j}}}{\sigma_{n}}}}$W_(i, j)(f) = e^(−(∑_(f)cost(f)))

where C is the surface color consistency; surface normal (N) can bedetermined from the input depth map, provided by a neural network, orotherwise determined; and cost(f) corresponds to the cost of a featuredissimilarity f between pixels i and j, wherein the feature can be oneor more of: coplanarity, 3D distance, segmentation, and/or any othersuitable feature. The dissimilarity weight is preferably independentfrom the input image, but can additionally or alternatively be dependenton the input image and/or have any other suitable relationship with thedepth image. However, the dissimilarity weights and/or edges can beotherwise determined.

In variants, the regularized connected component occlusion depthsgenerated at S520 include more accurate depth information for edges ofreal objects included in the image being processed.

However, S520 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

Storing occlusion masks and depths S530 preferably functions to storeocclusion masks and/or depths for subsequent use (e.g., by a graphicsengine), but can additionally or alternatively provide any othersuitable set of functionalities. In variants, the depths include depthsfor each pixel included in the image being processed. A depth recordedfor a pixel (e.g., in a depth map) can include one or more of: ameasured depth (e.g., determined by using sensor data) and an estimateddepth. S530 is preferably performed after S520, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously, and/or at any othersuitable time. The occlusion masks and depths can be stored in videomemory, texture memory, a buffer, and/or any other suitable memory. S530preferably includes storing the image being processed (e.g., pano imagesuch as the full resolution wide-angle panorama image, a single imagecaptured on a camera, and/or any other suitable image) and the depth map(which stores a depth for each image pixel) for the image, but canadditionally or alternatively include storing any other suitableinformation. The depth map can have any suitable resolution. In someimplementations, the depth map has a resolution that matches theresolution of at least one associated image. Example resolutions caninclude: panorama resolution, standard camera resolution, and/or anyother suitable resolution. In one example of storing the image, theimage can be stored as eight bits each of red, green, and blue imagepixels, and eight-bit alpha channel which stores binary (foreground orbackground) masks. In one example of storing the depth map, storing thedepth map can include storing a 24-bit depth map (e.g., consuming thered, green, and blue channels) and the inverse floor probability (e.g.,represented in 8 bits of alpha). However, S530 can additionally oralternatively include any other suitable elements performed in any othersuitable manner.

However, S500 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

In variants, S500 includes: the platform 220 providing the generatedocclusion data assets to the user device 210.

4.6 Rendering Scenes Interactively with Occlusion Masks S600.

Rendering scenes interactively with occlusion masks S600 preferablyfunctions to render interactive scenes on a user device (e.g., 210). Invariants, the scenes are rendered at S600 by using one or more of theocclusion data assets are generated at S500 (e.g., imagery 501; anobject mask 502; a dense depthmap 503; and geometric surface information504, shown in FIG. 3 ). In variants, the platform provides the occlusiondata assets (generated at S500) to the user device. Alternatively, theuser device generates the occlusion data assets at S500. In variants,rendering scenes interactively with occlusion masks (S600) includesrendering (e.g., in real time) virtual objects onto a real scene.

In variants, S600 includes one or more of: compiling and loading customgraphics shaders S610; loading RGB images, depthmap(s), and occlusionmask(s) S620; generating occlusion information S630; facilitatinginteractive virtual object insertion and movement in the rendered sceneS640, as shown in FIG. 1G. However, S600 can additionally oralternatively include any other suitable process. S600 can be performedafter S500, contemporaneously with S500, and/or at any other suitabletime.

In variants, S600 is performed by the user device (e.g., 210), but canadditionally or alternatively be performed by the platform (e.g., 220),or by any other suitable system.

In a first variation of S600, one or more images (e.g., accessed atS100) and/or processed images depth map(s) (e.g., 602 shown in FIG. 10 )and semantic segmentation information (e.g., 603 shown in FIG. 10 )(e.g., that are stored in memory, video memory and/or texture memory)are written to a framebuffer (e.g., 604 shown in FIG. 10 ) of the userdevice (e.g., 210). This data can be written to the framebuffer via oneor more blit and/or texturing operations. In some implementations, theframebuffer is given 1) a color image and 2) depth buffer information.The depth buffer selectively occludes based on the earlier-suppliedsemantic segmentation information (e.g., at S400), discriminatingbetween regions that the framebuffer might occlude and those (regions)which the frame buffer must never occlude during subsequent rendering.For example, semantic segmentation information can be a bitmask, aprobability mask, and/or any other suitable mask (e.g., identifying oneor a plurality of known labeled features, such as floor which must neverocclude rendered 3D objects, like furniture or floor coverings).Determining objects which should not occlude rendered 3D objects can addtolerance to the process, wherein the process might suffer fromrendering artifacts and imprecise output of computational photographyand AI processing of images (e.g., zfighting) otherwise, and/or conferany other suitable benefit.

In a second variation of S600, depth occlusion information and semanticsegmentation information can be stored in texture memory (e.g., 601shown in FIG. 10 ). In some implementations, the depth occlusioninformation (e.g., 602 shown in FIG. 10 ) and semantic segmentationinformation (e.g., 603 shown in FIG. 10 ) can be stored in the texturememory (e.g., 601) as components of a packed 3 or 4 component textureand used as a depth value and a write mask in a shader. The depth valuecan be written to the framebuffer (e.g., 604 shown in FIG. 10 ), wherethe semantic segmentation mask allows the framebuffer and the depthinformation to subsequently occlude 3D rendering. Elsewhere, no value iswritten or a distant value is written to prevent occlusion of a desiredtype of data, such as floor coverings or wall coverings.

In a third variation of S600, depth information can be converted fromthe storage format to depth information expected in the framebuffer for3D rendering (e.g., normalizing the depth information such as to valuesbetween 0 and 1).

S610 is preferably performed after S500, but can additionally oralternatively be performed contemporaneously and/or at any othersuitable time. Custom graphics shaders can include a fragment shaderand/or a vertex shader, but can additionally or alternatively includeany other suitable combination of texture format storage, precision,numerical encodings, use of multiple textures, use of stencil testsinstead of and/or in addition to alpha tests, and/or using destinationbuffer stencil test operations, or any other suitable shader. In oneexample, the fragment shader converts depth and semantic segmentationinformation from texture memory and transfers the information to theframebuffer. Optionally, transferring information to the framebuffer canbe based on one or more semantic segmentation masks. In a specificexample of the framebuffer, 2 bytes of texture information from red andgreen channels can be converted to 16 bit depth and a conversion tohardware perspective linear depth is generated using near and far clipvalues supplied as a uniform. The linear depth can be written to theframebuffer or discarded depending on the semantic segmentationinformation/mask stored in the alpha channel of the texture memory. In asecond example, the vertex shader generates pixel fragments usinggeometry, attributes, and uniforms, but can additionally oralternatively use any other suitable feature. The pixel fragmentsgenerated by the vertex shader can be used by the fragment shader totransform the information and/or the pixel fragments can be used in anyother suitable process. However, S61 can additionally or alternativelyinclude any other suitable elements performed in any other suitablemanner.

Loading RGB images, depthmap(s), and occlusion mask(s) S620 ispreferably performed after S61, but can additionally or alternatively beperformed contemporaneously or at any other suitable time. The RGB imageis preferably the photorealistic image generated in S300, but can be anyother suitable image (e.g., an image accessed at S100). The depthmap ispreferably the depthmap from S500, but can additionally or alternativelybe the depthmap from S400, and/or any other suitable depthmap. Theocclusion mask is preferably the foreground masks from S500, but canadditionally or alternatively be any other suitable masks. However, S620can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elementsperformed in any other suitable manner.

Generating occlusion information S630 is preferably performed afterS620, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously or at any other suitable time.

In variants, generating occlusion information S630 can include one ormore of: semantically-aware filtering out non-occluding objects usingthe fragment shader and/or any other suitable shader; writing a fuseddepth image to the zbuffer (e.g., 605 shown in FIG. 10 ) over an RGBimage (e.g., for hardware accelerated occlusion of synthetic renderedobjects).

In some variations, generating occlusion information S630 includesdetermining if a graphics engine (e.g., 211 shown FIG. 2 ) of the userdevice (e.g., 210) supports writes to the depth buffer of the userdevice from a fragment shader of the user device (S631 shown in FIG.1H). If the graphics engine supports writes to the depth buffer from thefragment shader (“YES” at S631), then the fragment shader loads the RGBimage in texture memory of the user device. In some implementations, thegraphics engine of the user device binds the RGB image to a rectangularocclusion quad, and the graphics engine registers a custom fragmentshader for the rectangular occlusion quad that represents the RGB image.In variants, the occlusion quad is associated with the dense depthmap(loaded at S620). In variants, the custom fragment shader generatesocclusion information by processing fragments of the rectangularocclusion quad. In some implementations, the fragments include imagepixels from the photorealistic image. In some implementations,processing fragments of the rectangular occlusion quad includes samplingimage candidate pixels from the photorealistic images included in theocclusion quad. In some implementations, the fragment shader processes afragment by determining whether the fragment is segmented as pixel of asurface that should not occlude a virtual object (e.g., a floor surface,wall, ceiling, etc.) (S632). In some implementations, the semanticsegmentation information accessed at S600 is used to determine whetherfragment is segmented as a pixel of a surface that should not occlude(S632). If the fragment is segmented as pixel that should not occlude avirtual object (“NO” at S632), then the custom fragment shader discardsthe depth of the fragment (at S633) so that it does not occlude.Otherwise, if the fragment is segmented as pixel that should occlude avirtual object (“YES” at S632), then at S634 the custom fragment shaderupdates the depth of the fragment by using the depthmap loaded at S620.In variants, the depth of the fragment is updated at S634 with acorresponding depth identified by the depthmap loaded at S620. In someimplementations, the custom fragment shader converts the depthidentified by the depthmap to a viewport projective depth value, andupdates the depth of the fragment to be the converted depth. Thegenerated occlusion information is the depths of the fragments of therectangular occlusion quad.

If the graphics engine does not support writes to the depth buffer froma fragment shader of the user device (“NO” at S631), then the graphicsengine of the user device generates occlusion information by generatingan occlusion mesh and tessellating the occlusion mesh. In variants,performing generating the occlusion information by tessellating theocclusion mesh includes sampling the depthmap (loaded at S620) togenerate the occlusion mesh (S635). In variants, a sampling density isidentified, and the sampling of the depthmap is performed in accordancewith the sampling density. The sampling density represents a tradeoffbetween occlusion accuracy and memory usage and processing performance.The sampling density can be predetermined, configured, dynamicallydetermined, or otherwise identified. In some implementations, eachdepthmap sample obtained at S635 is converted into an eye-space Z value.

In variants, the graphics engine uses the depthmap samples (e.g., rawsamples, samples converted into eye-space Z values, etc.) to tessellatea triangular mesh, such that the depths of the pixels of the triangularmesh correspond to the depths of the depthmap samples (S636). In someimplementations, the graphics engine crops triangles of the triangularmesh that overlap with planar segments (e.g., segments representing afloor) that should not occlude. In an example, the graphics engine cropstriangles of the triangular mesh that overlap with floor segments suchthat the image representing the floor does not occlude virtual imagesrendered by the graphics engine.

In variants, at S637 the triangular mesh is rendered to fill the depthbuffer that is used to enable occlusion. In some implementations, thegenerated occlusion information includes the depths of the pixels of therendered triangular mesh.

In some implementations, the triangular mesh is registered with a 3Dgraphics system of the user device as an invisible, z-occluding scenemodel. In some implementations, the graphics system renders the virtualobjects with occlusion by using the triangular mesh. In someimplementations, rendering the virtual objects with occlusion by usingtriangular mesh includes: discarding occluded virtual object pixels, andcompositing non-occluded virtual object pixels with the photorealisticimage.

In variants, the dense depthmap is updated after rendering the virtualobjects with occlusion, and the updated dense depthmap is provided to anend user application (e.g., 212).

Facilitating interactive virtual object insertion, movement, rotation,or configuration in the rendered scene S640 is preferably performedafter S630, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously or at any other suitable time. The occlusion andpositioning behavior of virtual behavior can vary based on object type,scene position, available scene data, and occlusion logic.

In some variants, S640 includes receiving user input identifyingselection of at least one virtual object (e.g., by mouse click, scrollwheel, keyboard input, tracking device, etc.) and optionally receivinguser input identifying a target location for at least one selectedvirtual object within the image (e.g., by mouse drag & drop, etc.,obtained at S300, obtained at S100, etc.). In response to receiving theuser input, one or more virtual objects is rendered onto the image. Insome implementations, the user input is received via the user device(e.g., 210 shown in FIG. 2 ).

In some variants, S640 converts 2D mouse or touchscreen positioninginformation into 3D scene positioning information. Multiple userinterfaces can be supported, changing the mapping from 2D screenposition to 3D scene location. In one implementation, the (x,y)coordinates of the mouse pointer or touchscreen indicate (with optionaloffset) the base point of the object on a floor plane. In a secondimplementation, the (x,y) coordinates of the mouse pointer ortouchscreen indicate (with optional offset) the base point of the objecton a geometric surface. In a third implementation, the (x,y) coordinatesof the mouse pointer or touchscreen indicate (with optional offset) thebase point of the object on a wall. In a fourth implementation, the(x,y) motions of the mouse pointer or touchscreen relatively move anobject along a surface.

In some variants, S640 assumes virtual objects to be positioned on thefloor plane, mapping 2D pointing positions over a 2D image to 3D virtualpositioning of an object on the floor plane, permitting 3D computationsof virtual object depths and occlusion. Optionally, positioning can beconstrained to limit placement of the object to empty floor regions. Infloor placement modes, it is optionally possible to place objects behindwalls (where they can be occluded).

In some variants, S640 includes special handling for hanging objects onwalls or other vertical surfaces (e.g., mirrors, wall art, wall sconces,etc.). In some implementations, the system uses metadata associated withthe virtual object to identify a virtual object as a hangable object.Alternatively to variants where the objects are fixed to a ground plane,in hangable modes, a 2D position on a wall would not slide an objectalong the ground plane where it could be potentially placed and occludedbehind a wall—instead the 2D mouse motion would map to 3D positionsalong the hangable surface.

In some variants, S640 includes special handling for “stacking” virtualobjects on top of existing virtual or real objects (e.g., placing a vaseon a table, or a pillow on a sofa). In some implementations, the systemuses metadata associated with the virtual object to identify a virtualobject as a “stackable” virtual object. Alternatively to variants wherethe objects are fixed to a ground plane, in stackable mode, the bottomindex point of stackable objects can ride along the vertical surfacecontour of scene geometry, and adhere to arbitrary geometric surfaces asthe object is moved, modifying the normal floor placement and occlusion,such that the virtual object is considered to be placed ON the placeablesurface instead of on the floor. In this mode, the coordinates of thepixels (in the image coordinate space) of the virtual object areautomatically updated to render the virtual object on top of theplaceable surface.

In some variants, S640 uses geometric representations of the scene(e.g., depthmaps, normal maps, meshes, etc.) and/or gravity, to positionstackable objects in scene imagery.

In some variants, S640 uses horizontal surface detection and/or semanticsegmentation to identify valid locations for placing stackable objects(e.g., a flat, horizontal area such as a table top, shelf, orcountertop).

In some variants, S640 includes rendering virtual objects usingocclusion information generated at S630, using the generated occlusioninformation to perform occlusion processing for virtual objects thatoverlap real objects in the rendered scene. For each virtual objectpixel of the virtual object, the depth for the virtual object pixel isidentified. The image pixel of the image being processed at the samelocation (in the image's coordinate space) as the virtual object pixelis also identified, and the depth of this pixel is identified (by usingthe occlusion information generated at S630). Optionally, the depths ofother virtual object pixels at the same location are identified. Thepixel having the shortest depth at the location is displayed. If thedepth of the virtual object pixel is the lowest, then the virtual objectpixel is displayed. If the depth of the image pixel is the lowest, thenthe image pixel is displayed. If the depth of another virtual objectpixel is the lowest, then the other virtual object pixel is displayed.

An example of S600 is depicted in FIG. 4 .

However, S600 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

4.7 Removing Objects in the Rendered Scene S700.

In variants, S700 functions to remove real objects, or portions of realobjects, from the rendered scene (e.g. removing a sofa from a scene soyou can replace with another). However, S700 can additionally oralternatively perform any other suitable set of functionalities (e.g.move, copy, clone, etc.). S700 is preferably performed after S600, butcan additionally or alternatively be performed contemporaneously, or atany other suitable time. S700 is preferably performed by the user device(e.g., 210 shown in FIG. 2 ), but can additionally or alternatively beperformed by the platform (e.g., 220), or by any other suitable system.

In some implementations, the scene is represented as an image, andimages of real objects (or portions of images of real objects) in thescene are removed. In an example, the image is an RGB image. However,the scene can be represented as any suitable type of image. In variants,images of real objects are 2D representations of 3D objects. In someimplementations, removing pixels of a real object from a rendered sceneincludes adjusting color values. For example, removed pixels can bereplaced with color patterns that indicate deletion, or plausiblyrepresent background textures. In some implementations, removing pixelsof a real object from a rendered scene includes changes to occlusionbehavior such as disabling occlusion for removed pixels, removing depthinformation for pixels of the object from the 3D depthmap of the scene,and/or replacing the depths of the removed pixels with new depth values.

In a first variation, removing pixels of real object(s) in the renderedscene (S700) includes one or more of: identifying pixels to remove S710;estimating depths of replacement pixels (e.g., by using estimated scenegeometries to reconstruct the 3D depths and/or shapes likely to appearbehind the removed pixels) S720; determining color of replacement pixels(including adjustment of colors of pixels outside the region beingreplaced for the purpose of color harmonization, blending, or shadowmanagement) S730; improving the resulting geometry and imagery S740; andstoring the resulting model for future use S600. However, S700 canadditionally or alternatively include any other suitable process.However, S700 can be otherwise performed.

Identifying pixels to remove from the rendered scene S710 is preferablyperformed after S600, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously or at any other suitable time. In one example of S710,pixels can be identified by the user interfacing with the end userapplication (e.g., 212). In some implementations, a user interfaceprovided by the end user application (e.g., 212 shown in FIG. 2 )receives user input via a user input device included in the user device(e.g., 210). In some implementations, the user interface includes userinput elements that receive user input that is used by the system toidentify pixels to be replaced. Example user input approaches include: a“magic eraser brush”, lasso and/or region selector, segment selector,and/or object selector (e.g., couch, table, and/or any other suitableconnected component). In a first example, user input identifyingselection of pixels to be replaced includes: information identifyingmovement of a “magic eraser brush” in a coordinate space of the imagefrom which pixels are to be removed. In a second example, user inputidentifying selection of pixels to be replaced includes: informationidentifying a rectangular region of the image. In a third example, userinput identifying selection of pixels to be replaced includes:information identifying a freeform lasso region of pixels to erase. In afourth example, user input identifying selection of pixels to bereplaced includes: information identifying a segment of the image (e.g.,generated as output of a semantic segmentation process performed on theimage). In a fifth example, user input identifying selection of pixelsto be replaced includes: selecting a coherent, pre-segmented objectinstance (e.g., click to select a segmented region of pixels estimatedto belong to a table). In a sixth example, user input identifyingselection of pixels to be replaced includes: selecting a visuallycoherent region or “superpixel” (e.g., click to select a superpixelregion to remove). In a seventh example, user input identifyingselection of pixels to be replaced includes: information identifyingdesire to remove foreground objects, yielding an empty room. In thisexample, the system removes all pixels that are not included in imagesegments related to structural components of a room (e.g., floor, walls,ceiling, stairs) or objects that are not likely to be removed from aroom (e.g., doors, cabinetry, built-ins). However, one or more objectsor sets of pixels to be removed can otherwise be identified. Optionally,the user can interactively add/delete/modify removal regions, howeverthe end user application can provide the user with any other suitableset of tools to modify the scene.

Estimating depths of replacement pixels S720 is preferably performedafter S710, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously and/or at any other suitable time.

In a first variant, S720 includes: for each replacement pixel, settingthe depth to a depth related to a known depth or a predicted depth for akey geometric surface (or surfaces) behind (or predicted to be behind)the location of the pixel being replaced. In some implementations, thekey geometric surface is an architectural geometric surface of a room(e.g., a wall, a floor, etc.). In variants, the new depth for areplacement pixel is interpolated based on known or estimated depths forpixels of the partially-occluded surface (or surfaces) that surround thereplacement pixel. For example, in removing an object that is positionedin front of a wall in an image of a room, the new depths for the pixelsat the location (in the image's coordinate space) of the removed objectare determined based on known depths for the wall. As another example,in removing an object that is positioned in front of a corner formed bytwo walls in an image of a room, the new depths for the pixels at thelocation (in the image's coordinate space) of the removed object aredetermined based on known geometry for the two walls. In someimplementations, the pixels associated with the key geometric surfacesof the image are identified by using the key geometric surfacesinformation 504 generated at S500, and the depths for these pixels areidentified by using the dense depthmap generated at S500. The systemidentifies the most likely key surface (or surfaces) that is behind thepixel being replaced, and uses the known depths of the identifiedsurface to interpolate (or estimate) the new depth of the replacementpixel.

In a second variant, S720 includes: for each replacement pixel, settingthe depth to a depth related to a known (or estimated) depth for anobject surface (or surfaces) that includes the location of the pixelbeing replaced. For example, in removing an object that is positioned infront of a couch in an image of a room, the new depths for the pixels atthe location (in the image's coordinate space) of the removed object aredetermined based on known or estimated depths for the couch behind theremoved object. In some implementations, the pixels associated withobject surfaces of the image are identified by using the segmentationmasks 502 generated at S500, and the depths for these pixels areidentified by using the dense depthmap generated at S500. The systemidentifies the most likely object surface (or surfaces) that is behindthe pixel being replaced, and uses the known depths of the identifiedobject surface to interpolate (or estimate) the new depth of thereplacement pixel.

In a third variant, S720 includes for each replacement pixel, settingthe depth to a predetermined depth (e.g., an infinite depth, such thatthe replacement pixel of the image does not occlude any virtual objectsrendered onto the image).

In a fourth variant, S720 makes use of a more complete 3D view of thescene, where there are multiple layered depth values behind areplacement pixel visible from the images collected in S100, beyond thepanoramic image and depthmap produced by S330. In such a case, S210-S250may produce depth data for portions of the scene which are occluded byreal object(s) which are subsequently selected for removal in S710. Inthis case, S720 can determine the depth from the closest of the multiplelayered depth values, the most distant of the multiple layered depthvalues, or allow the user to choose or cycle through the occlusionoptions for the removed pixels.

In a fifth variant, S720 can include using estimates of volumetric scenegeometry, occupancy data, or plenoptic light fields for the scene tohypothesize depths of replacement pixels after the removal of geometry.

In some implementations, S720 includes one or more of: given consistentdepth profiles to one or multiple sides of the object for removal,extruding the depth profiles (e.g., to extend soffits, molding and/orany other suitable/common features); given a partially obscured object,recognizing a similar object, and virtually completing and instantiatingthe object behind the object for removal (e.g., using the depths fromthe virtually rendered object/partially obscured object). However, S720can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable elementsperformed in any other suitable

In some implementations, S720 can include training a neural network(e.g., convolutional neural network, fully-connected neural network,generative neural network, feed forward neural network, etc.), such as adeep neural network (e.g., generative image inpainting with contextualattention) on dense depth maps with regions marked for removalsupervised by dense depth maps with the correct replacement depth inthese regions. The training dataset can be generated by creating depthmaps of 3D CAD models of representative scenes with room structure andfurniture models. Selection regions can be generated by choosing sceneobjects (e.g., furniture, art, etc.) to remove. The supervised depth mapcan be generated from the modified CAD model without the chosen object.During execution, an updated depth map can be generated by feeding thenetwork a new depth map (e.g., not part of the training dataset) with a“selected region”.

Determining the color of the replacement pixels S730 is preferablyperformed after S720, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously and/or at any other suitable time.

In variants, determining the color of replacement pixels at S730includes one or more of: performing context-aware fill (inpainting) todetermine a color for one or more pixels included in the region ofreplacement pixels (e.g., the region of pixels replacing the pixelsbelonging to the removed object); replacing erased pixels with locallymedian color (e.g., median color in the vertical/horizontal/patchnearest to the removed object); receiving user input via the end userapplication (e.g., 212 shown in FIG. 2 ) that identifies color selection(e.g., by pixel, patch, area, material, style, etc.) for one or more ofthe replacement pixels; neural network region filling, wherein a neuralnetwork determines the color of replacement pixels; replacing erasedpixels with a “transparency grid” signifying deletion; using“correspondence search or nearest neighbor search to determine the pixelcolor(s) (e.g. using “PatchMatch” techniques); using texture synthesistechniques; using neural network inpainting techniques; receiving userinput (via the end user application) that identifies paint replacementinstructions; receiving user input (via the end user application) thatidentifies anchor replacement area and fill based on the replacementarea; receiving user input (via the end user application) thatidentifies one or more possible color variants; determining color basedon images from S100 which include the area being revealed; anddetermining a color based on of partial objects adjacent to the removeditem.

However, S730 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable process. In a first variant, the color of replacement pixels isthe same as the original color of the pixels being replaced. In a secondvariant, the color of replacement pixels is different from the originalcolor of the pixels being replaced.

In a third variant, the color of replacement pixels represents a “ghostversion” of the original pixels, by modifying the original replacementcolor in a manner to suggest deletion, such as adjusting the saturation,brightness or color of the replacement pixels. These adjustments can bestatic, or vary based on user action or time (e.g., have deleted pixelsperiodically “pulse” or “glow” to indicate deletion). In an example,determining the color of replacement pixels at S730 includes assigningto a replacement pixel one of: a static ghosting color, a dynamicghosting color, a static ghosting pattern, and a dynamic ghostingpattern. In an example, determining a color for a replacement pixelincludes assigning a ghosting color (or time varying series of colors)to the replacement pixel, to visually signify deletion. The ghostingcolor can be any suitable color that identifies a pixel as beingassociated with an object that has been deleted from the image. Forexample, the ghosting color can be a grey color, a black color, a colorwith less intensity as the original color, a lighter color, a darkercolor, a color with less contrast, a transparency grid pattern, atime-varying or animated pattern, or any suitable type of color that canbe used to distinguish a replacement pixel from other pixels in theimage. In particular, the ghosting pattern can be evocative of the roomgeometry that lies behind the removed pixels. Pixels with floor behindthem can be filled with a ghost pattern that looks like a tile floor.Pixels with wall behind them can be filled with a ghost pattern thatlooks like a simple wallpaper pattern. These ghosting color patterns canoptionally be perspective warped by the replaced depth (e.g., wall,floor depths) for added realism.

In a fourth variant, the color of replacement pixels constructs a“transparency grid” or “checkerboard” to visually suggest deletion ofpixels. Optionally, the transparency grid can be perspective warpedusing scene geometry of the replacement geometry (e.g., depths, normals,etc.) to provide more realistic sense of deletion.

In a fifth variant, determining the color of replacement pixels at S730includes: given an RGB image with “holes” for the replacement object(s)(e.g., a hole can be associated with a region of replacement pixelsassociated with the objects to be replaced), determining the color canbe based on search for appropriate replacement patterns in the sceneusing forms of nearest neighbor search. The search can be executed foreach pixel in each hole in an order (e.g., scan line order, inwardorder, etc.), the nearest pixel in the input image, fill the hole withits color and depth. The search can be repeated until convergence, untila predetermined threshold (e.g., based on time, based on iterations,and/or otherwise based), or until another condition is met. Optionally,PatchMatch techniques can used with randomized nearest neighbor search,but additionally or alternatively any other suitable technique can beused.

Nearest neighbor search can include defining a distance between pixels(e.g., p and q) based on their neighbors (e.g., N(p) and N(q)) whereinthe distance can be determined based on color (“c”), depth (“d”), andlabel (“s”): d(p,q)=f(c_N(p), c_N(q), d_N(p), d_N(q), s_N(p), s_N(q))

In a sixth variant, S730 can include training and using a neural network(e.g., convolutional neural network, fully-connected neural network,generative neural network, feed forward neural network, etc.), such as adeep neural network (e.g., generative image inpainting with contextualattention) on images with “holes” supervised by original images without“holes.” Holes can be generated by removing objects (e.g., furniture,art, etc.) or portions of objects in one or more of the collectedimages. During execution, the infilled image can be generated by feedingthe network a new image (e.g., not part of the training dataset) with“holes”, a cropped image with “holes” and/or any other suitable image.The training datasets can be comprised of images of representativescenes either photographed or synthetically rendered using CGI graphics,or otherwise constructed.

In a seventh variant, S730 can include recognizing a likely similarobject (e.g., identifying a furniture product of similar size andappearance from a database, based on partially obscured imagery) andvirtually completing the object behind the disappearing object using theRGB pixels from the virtually rendered form of the likely similarobject, and blending appropriately.

In an eighth variant, S730 can include using estimates of plenopticlight fields for the scene to hypothesize colors of replacement pixelsafter the removal of occlusion geometry.

In a ninth variant, determining a color for a replacement pixel includesidentifying user selection of a color patch for the replacement pixels(e.g., from information received via the end user application 212) andusing samples from the identified patch or statistically relatedtextures to generate the replacement pixel.

In a tenth variant, determining a color for a replacement pixel includesidentifying user selection of a color, and assigning the selected colorto the pixel. The user selection of the color can be related to thereplacement pixel, or a patch of pixels that includes the replacementpixel.

In an eleventh variant, determining a color for a replacement pixelincludes performing texture synthesis to identify a texture of pixelssurrounding the replacement pixels. In some implementations, theidentified texture is represented by a pattern of pixels having aspecific assignment of colors. A replacement color for the replacementpixel is identified by the texture, and the replacement color isassigned to the replacement pixel. Replacement colors are assigned to aregion of replacement pixels, such that after replacement colors areassigned to the replacement pixels in the region, the colors of thepixels in the region conform to the identified texture. Assigningreplacement colors to replacement pixels can include one or more ofcloning, CNN inpainting, propagating, or patch-matching colors ofrelated regions (e.g., wall regions, floor regions, instances, classes)to the region of replacement pixels. However, texture synthesis canotherwise be performed. If the replacement pixels have had their depthreplaced by depths that agree with or were drawn from an architecturalplane (e.g., wall, floor) then the texture synthesis can beautomatically sourced from elsewhere nearby on that plane. Further, thetexture synthesis can be performed on a rectified version of the imageof that plane and then returned to the image via perspective warping(homography). Many texture synthesis algorithms produce better resultson such an image of a rectified plane.

In a twelfth variant, determining a color for a replacement pixelincludes globally replacing a region of pixels with a coherent synthetictexture. In variants, the replaced region represents an architecturalstructure, such as a floor or a wall. Determining a color forreplacement pixels in this example includes replacing an entirearchitectural structure (e.g., a floor, a wall, etc.) that includes thereplacement pixels with a new virtual object. In variants, the newvirtual object (e.g., new floor, new wall, etc.) has a solid color.Alternatively, the new virtual object includes pixels having variouscolors that represent a synthetic texture. In some implementations, thesystem textures a CAD (Computer Aided Design) model (or pieces of a CADmodel) to replace the real object include in the image. In someimplementations, determining a color for a replacement pixel of a realobject to be removed (S730) includes: generating a replacement virtualobject that includes the location of the replacement pixel, wherein thereplacement virtual object includes pixels having various colors thatrepresent a synthetic texture; and rendering the replacement virtualobject. In some implementations, rendering the replacement objectreplaces not only the pixels of the real object that is removed, butalso surrounding pixels. For example, to remove a real object that isplaced on a floor of an image of a room, the real object representingthe floor can be replaced with a virtual object (e.g., generated byusing a CAD model) that represents the floor.

However, S730 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

Refining shadows in the remainder of the image S735 is preferablyperformed, to reduce residual shadows outside the area of replacementpixels, that are cast by objects targeted for removal.

In a first variant, S735 uses statistical image processing techniques todetect and reduce (e.g., filter, blur, blend) likely cast shadowsoutside the area of replacement pixels.

In a second variant, S735 uses shadow detection techniques, includingtrained neural networks, to isolate and reduce (e.g., filter, blur,blend) cast shadows outside the area of replacement pixels.

In a third variant, S735 uses estimates of light source locations toestimate shadow directions from the disappearing object, to isolate andreduce (e.g., filter, blur, blend) likely cast shadows outside the areaof replacement pixels.

In a fourth variant, S735 uses intrinsic image decomposition techniquesto decompose the image into reflectance and shading lighting components.Shading components nearby the removed object (in 2D image space or 3Dspace) can be evaluated for reduction or removal.

In a fifth variant, S735 can include using estimates of plenoptic lightfields and/or inverse lighting techniques to detect and reduce (e.g.,filter, blur, blend) likely cast shadows outside the area of replacementpixels. Inverse lighting methods can include using estimates of lightsources and estimates of scene geometry to estimate image regions wherecast shadows are likely, and quantify the degree of shading.

In a sixth variant, S735 can include training a neural network (e.g.,convolutional neural network, fully-connected neural network, generativeneural network, feed forward neural network, etc.), such as a deepneural network (e.g., generative image inpainting with contextualattention) on images that include “a furniture hole” and the shadow castby the missing furniture. The network is supervised by images with thehole but without the shadow. The training dataset can be generated byray tracing photorealistic images of fully furnished rooms with andwithout a single selected piece of furniture. The pixels occupied bythis piece of furniture form the hole.

However, S735 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

Refining the depth and color edges S740 is preferably performed afterS730, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously and/or at any other suitable time. In one example,S740 can include: creating “sharp” wall/floor seams, improving globalcolor patterns and/or preserving architectural seams. S740 can use theestimated planes, the depth map, and/or any other suitable data torefine the depth edges. However, S740 can additionally or alternativelyinclude any other suitable elements performed in any other suitablemanner.

Updating image pixels, depths, and/or occlusion masks S750 is preferablyperformed after S740, but can additionally or alternatively be performedcontemporaneously and/or at any other suitable time. In one example S750includes storing the changes in memory associated with the end userapplication. However, S750 can additionally or alternatively include anyother suitable elements performed in any other suitable manner.

However, S700 can additionally or alternatively include any othersuitable elements.

Embodiments of the system and/or method can include every combinationand permutation of the various system components and the various methodprocesses, wherein one or more instances of the method and/or processesdescribed herein can be performed asynchronously (e.g., sequentially),concurrently (e.g., in parallel), or in any other suitable order byand/or using one or more instances of the systems, elements, and/orentities described herein.

As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detaileddescription and from the figures and claims, modifications and changescan be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention withoutdeparting from the scope of this invention defined in the followingclaims.

We claim:
 1. A method executed by one or more computing devices of animage processing platform, the method comprising: accessing aphotorealistic image of a room; generating at least one segmentationmask that identifies real objects included in the photorealistic image;generating geometric surface information for the photorealistic image;generating a dense depthmap that includes depth estimates for each pixelof the photorealistic image, wherein generating the dense depthmapcomprises: identifying edge pixels included in edges of real objectsincluded in the photorealistic image based at least in part on the atleast one generated segmentation mask; for at least one edge pixel,enhancing the depth for the pixel based at least in part on depths ofother edge pixels included in the same edge; identifying planar surfacepixels that are included in a planar surface identified by the generatedgeometric surface information; and for at least one planar surfacepixel, adjusting the depth for the pixel based at least in part ondepths of other planar surface pixels included in the same planarsurface; and transmitting at least one segmentation mask, the densedepthmap, and the geometric surface information to an end userapplication executed by a user device.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe end user application is configured to render at least one virtualobject onto the photorealistic image based at least in part on the densedepthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and the geometric surfaceinformation.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the end user applicationis configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image by, for each virtual object pixel of the virtualobject: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel; determining adepth of an image pixel at the same location as the virtual objectpixel; in response to a determination that the depth of the image pixelis greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel, displaying thevirtual object pixel; and in response to a determination that the depthof the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth of the imageobject pixel, displaying the image pixel.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein the photorealistic image is bound to a rectangular occlusionquad of the user device, wherein the occlusion quad is associated withthe dense depthmap, wherein a fragment shader included in the userdevice processes image candidate pixels from the photorealistic image onthe occlusion quad and virtual object candidate pixels from the virtualobjects, and wherein, for each virtual object pixel, determining thedepth of the image pixel at the same location as the virtual objectpixel comprises: for each virtual object candidate pixel, accessing thedepth of the image candidate pixel from the occlusion quad at the samelocation as the virtual object pixel, by using the dense depthmapassociated with the occlusion quad.
 5. The method of claim 4, furthercomprising: generating an updated dense depthmap; and wherein the enduser application is configured to render at least one virtual objectonto the photorealistic image based at least in part on the at least onesegmentation mask, the updated dense depthmap, and the geometric surfaceinformation; and wherein the end user application is configured torender at least one virtual object onto the photorealistic image by, foreach virtual object pixel of the virtual object: determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at thesame location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, displayingthe image pixel.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the end userapplication is configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image by, for each virtual object pixel of the virtualobject: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel; sampling thedense depthmap to generate depthmap samples; generating a triangularocclusion mesh; tesselating the triangular occlusion mesh, such that thedepths of the pixels of the triangular mesh correspond to depths of thedepthmap samples; registering the triangular occlusion mesh with a 3Dgraphics system of the user device as an invisible, z-occluding scenemodel; and using the 3D graphics system to render the virtual objectswith occlusion by the triangular occlusion mesh by discarding occludedvirtual object pixels and compositing non-occluded virtual object pixelswith the photorealistic image.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the enduser application is configured to render at least one virtual objectonto the photorealistic image by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: identifying placeability behavior of the virtual object;mapping two-dimensional user interface pointer coordinates tothree-dimensional scene coordinates based on the placeability behaviorof the virtual object and nearby scene geometry; determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at thesame location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, performingplacement processing for the virtual object pixel.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: updating the dense depthmap, andtransmitting an updated dense depthmap to the end user application. 9.The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving user selectioninformation identifying selected portions of at least one real object tobe removed from the photorealistic image; and for each pixel in theselected portions: estimating a new depth for the pixel and updating thedense depthmap to include the new depth, and determining a replacementcolor for the pixel and updating the photorealistic image to include thedetermined color.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: foreach real object to be removed, reducing at least one cast shadowassociated with the real object to be removed, wherein estimating a newdepth for a pixel of a selected portion comprises updating the densedepthmap to include a predetermined depth as the new depth for thepixel, and wherein reducing at least one cast shadow comprises at leastone of: inferring at least one cast shadow by performing imageprocessing, inferring at least one cast shadow by using a trained neuralnetwork, inferring at least one cast shadow from detected and estimatedlight sources, inferring at least one cast shadow from intrinsic imagedecomposition, or inferring at least one cast shadow from plenopticlight fields.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein estimating a new depthfor a pixel of a selected portion comprises: identifying a roomarchitectural geometric surface that includes the location of the pixel,based at least in part on the generated geometric surface informationfor the photorealistic image, wherein the generated geometric surfaceinformation identifies at least one room architectural geometric surfaceincluded in the photorealistic image; identifying at least one depth ofthe room architectural geometric surface, based at least in part on thegenerated dense depthmap; computing a depth for the pixel based at leastin part on the identified at least one depth of the room architecturalgeometric surface; and updating the dense depthmap to include thecomputed depth as the new depth for the pixel.
 12. The method of claim9, wherein estimating a new depth for a pixel of a selected portioncomprises: estimating a depth of an obscured geometric surface obscuredby the selected portion based at least in part on the dense depthmap toidentify depths of the real objects surrounding the selected portion;and updating the dense depthmap to include the estimated depth of theobscured geometric surface as the new depth for the pixel.
 13. Themethod of claim 9, wherein estimating a new depth for a pixel of aselected portion comprises: estimating a depth of an obscured geometricsurface obscured by the selected portion based at least in part ontrained neural networks and geometric priors from the dense depthmap;and updating the dense depthmap to include the estimated depth of theobscured geometric surface as the new depth for the pixel.
 14. Themethod of claim 9, wherein determining a replacement color for a pixelof a selected portion comprises: assigning to the pixel one of: a staticghosting color, a dynamic ghosting color, a static ghosting pattern, ora dynamic ghosting pattern.
 15. The method of claim 9, whereindetermining a replacement color for a pixel of a selected portioncomprises: identifying user selection of a color and assigning theselected color to the pixel, wherein the user selection of the colorrelates to one of: the pixel or a patch of pixels that includes thepixel that is assigned the color.
 16. The method of claim 9, whereindetermining a replacement color for a pixel of a selected portioncomprises: assigning a color of a transparency grid pattern to thepixel.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the transparency grid patternis perspective warped based on inferred geometry behind the selectedportion.
 18. The method of claim 9, wherein determining a replacementcolor for a pixel of a selected portion comprises: performing texturesynthesis to identify a texture of pixels likely surrounding the pixel;identifying a replacement color for the pixel by using the identifiedtexture; and assigning the replacement color to the pixel.
 19. Themethod of claim 9, wherein determining a replacement color for a pixelof a selected portion comprises at least one of: generating areplacement virtual object that includes the location of the pixel,wherein the replacement virtual object includes pixels having variouscolors that represent a synthetic texture; or estimating a plenopticlight field for a scene of the photorealistic image and using the lightfield to re-generate an image area affected by removal of pixelsincluded in the selected portion.
 20. A method executed by one or morecomputing devices of an image processing platform, the methodcomprising: accessing a photorealistic image of a room; generating atleast one segmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generating geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generating a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; and transmittingat least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and the geometricsurface information to an end user application executed by a userdevice; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;determining a depth of an image pixel at the same location as thevirtual object pixel; in response to a determination that the depth ofthe image pixel is greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel,displaying the virtual object pixel; and in response to a determinationthat the depth of the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth ofthe image object pixel, displaying the image pixel.
 21. A methodexecuted by one or more computing devices of an image processingplatform, the method comprising: accessing a photorealistic image of aroom; generating at least one segmentation mask that identifies realobjects included in the photorealistic image; generating geometricsurface information for the photorealistic image; generating a densedepthmap that includes depth estimates for each pixel of thephotorealistic image; and transmitting at least one segmentation mask,the dense depthmap, and the geometric surface information to an end userapplication executed by a user device; wherein the end user applicationis configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image based at least in part on the dense depthmap, atleast one segmentation mask, and the geometric surface information by,for each virtual object pixel of the virtual object: determining a depthof the virtual object pixel; sampling the dense depthmap to generatedepthmap samples; generating a triangular occlusion mesh; tesselatingthe triangular occlusion mesh, such that the depths of the pixels of thetriangular mesh correspond to depths of the depthmap samples;registering the triangular occlusion mesh with a 3D graphics system ofthe user device as an invisible, z-occluding scene model; and using the3D graphics system to render the virtual objects with occlusion by thetriangular occlusion mesh by discarding occluded virtual object pixelsand compositing non-occluded virtual object pixels with thephotorealistic image.
 22. A method executed by one or more computingdevices of an image processing platform, the method comprising:accessing a photorealistic image of a room; generating at least onesegmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generating geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generating a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; and transmittingat least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and the geometricsurface information to an end user application executed by a userdevice; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: identifying placeability behavior of the virtual object;mapping two-dimensional user interface pointer coordinates tothree-dimensional scene coordinates based on the placeability behaviorof the virtual object and nearby scene geometry; determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at thesame location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, performingplacement processing for the virtual object pixel.
 23. A method executedby one or more computing devices of an image processing platform, themethod comprising: accessing a photorealistic image of a room;generating at least one segmentation mask that identifies real objectsincluded in the photorealistic image; generating geometric surfaceinformation for the photorealistic image; generating a dense depthmapthat includes depth estimates for each pixel of the photorealisticimage; transmitting at least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap,and the geometric surface information to an end user applicationexecuted by a user device; receiving user selection informationidentifying selected portions of at least one real object to be removedfrom the photorealistic image; and for each pixel in the selectedportions: estimating a new depth for the pixel and updating the densedepthmap to include the new depth; and determining a replacement colorfor the pixel and updating the photorealistic image to include thedetermined color.
 24. An image processing apparatus, the apparatuscomprising: one or more processors; and one or more memories operativelycoupled to at least one of the one or more processors and havinginstructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one of theone or more processors, cause at least one of the one or more processorsto: access a photorealistic image of a room; generate at least onesegmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generate geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image, wherein generatingthe dense depthmap comprises: identifying edge pixels included in edgesof real objects included in the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the at least one generated segmentation mask; for at least oneedge pixel, enhancing the depth for the pixel based at least in part ondepths of other edge pixels included in the same edge; identifyingplanar surface pixels that are included in a planar surface identifiedby the generated geometric surface information; and for at least oneplanar surface pixel, adjusting the depth for the pixel based at leastin part on depths of other planar surface pixels included in the sameplanar surface; and transmit at least one segmentation mask, the densedepthmap, and the geometric surface information to an end userapplication executed by a user device.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the end user application is configured to render at least onevirtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least in part onthe dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and the geometricsurface information.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the end userapplication is configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image by, for each virtual object pixel of the virtualobject: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel; determining adepth of an image pixel at the same location as the virtual objectpixel; in response to a determination that the depth of the image pixelis greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel, displaying thevirtual object pixel; and in response to a determination that the depthof the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth of the imageobject pixel, displaying the image pixel.
 27. The apparatus of claim 25,wherein the end user application is configured to render at least onevirtual object onto the photorealistic image by, for each virtual objectpixel of the virtual object: determining a depth of the virtual objectpixel; sampling the dense depthmap to generate depthmap samples;generating a triangular occlusion mesh; tesselating the triangularocclusion mesh, such that the depths of the pixels of the triangularmesh correspond to depths of the depthmap samples; registering thetriangular occlusion mesh with a 3D graphics system of the user deviceas an invisible, z-occluding scene model; and using the 3D graphicssystem to render the virtual objects with occlusion by the triangularocclusion mesh by discarding occluded virtual object pixels andcompositing non-occluded virtual object pixels with the photorealisticimage.
 28. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein at least one of the one ormore memories has further instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: update the dense depthmap, andtransmit an updated dense depthmap to the end user application.
 29. Theapparatus of claim 25, wherein the end user application is configured torender at least one virtual object onto the photorealistic image by, foreach virtual object pixel of the virtual object: identifyingplaceability behavior of the virtual object; mapping two-dimensionaluser interface pointer coordinates to three-dimensional scenecoordinates based on the placeability behavior of the virtual object andnearby scene geometry; determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;determining a depth of an image pixel at the same location as thevirtual object pixel; in response to a determination that the depth ofthe image pixel is greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel,displaying the virtual object pixel; and in response to a determinationthat the depth of the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth ofthe image object pixel, performing placement processing for the virtualobject pixel.
 30. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein at least one of theone or more memories has further instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: receive user selection informationidentifying selected portions of at least one real object to be removedfrom the photorealistic image; and for each pixel in the selectedportions: estimate a new depth for the pixel and updating the densedepthmap to include the new depth, and determine a replacement color forthe pixel and updating the photorealistic image to include thedetermined color.
 31. An image processing apparatus, the apparatuscomprising: one or more processors; and one or more memories operativelycoupled to at least one of the one or more processors and havinginstructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one of theone or more processors, cause at least one of the one or more processorsto: access a photorealistic image of a room; generate at least onesegmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generate geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; and transmit atleast one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and the geometricsurface information to an end user application executed by a userdevice; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;determining a depth of an image pixel at the same location as thevirtual object pixel; in response to a determination that the depth ofthe image pixel is greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel,displaying the virtual object pixel; and in response to a determinationthat the depth of the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth ofthe image object pixel, displaying the image pixel.
 32. An imageprocessing apparatus, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors;and one or more memories operatively coupled to at least one of the oneor more processors and having instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: access a photorealistic image of aroom; generate at least one segmentation mask that identifies realobjects included in the photorealistic image; generate geometric surfaceinformation for the photorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap thatincludes depth estimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; andtransmit at least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and thegeometric surface information to an end user application executed by auser device; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;sampling the dense depthmap to generate depthmap samples; generating atriangular occlusion mesh; tesselating the triangular occlusion mesh,such that the depths of the pixels of the triangular mesh correspond todepths of the depthmap samples; registering the triangular occlusionmesh with a 3D graphics system of the user device as an invisible,z-occluding scene model; and using the 3D graphics system to render thevirtual objects with occlusion by the triangular occlusion mesh bydiscarding occluded virtual object pixels and compositing non-occludedvirtual object pixels with the photorealistic image.
 33. An imageprocessing apparatus, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors;and one or more memories operatively coupled to at least one of the oneor more processors and having instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: access a photorealistic image of aroom; generate at least one segmentation mask that identifies realobjects included in the photorealistic image; generate geometric surfaceinformation for the photorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap thatincludes depth estimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; andtransmit at least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and thegeometric surface information to an end user application executed by auser device; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: identifying placeability behavior of the virtual object;mapping two-dimensional user interface pointer coordinates tothree-dimensional scene coordinates based on the placeability behaviorof the virtual object and nearby scene geometry; determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at thesame location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, performingplacement processing for the virtual object pixel.
 34. An imageprocessing apparatus, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors;and one or more memories operatively coupled to at least one of the oneor more processors and having instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: access a photorealistic image of aroom; generate at least one segmentation mask that identifies realobjects included in the photorealistic image; generate geometric surfaceinformation for the photorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap thatincludes depth estimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image;transmit at least one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and thegeometric surface information to an end user application executed by auser device; receive user selection information identifying selectedportions of at least one real object to be removed from thephotorealistic image; and for each pixel in the selected portions:estimate a new depth for the pixel and updating the dense depthmap toinclude the new depth; and determine a replacement color for the pixeland updating the photorealistic image to include the determined color.35. At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by one or morecomputing devices, cause at least one of the one or more computingdevices to: access a photorealistic image of a room; generate at leastone segmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generate geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image, wherein generatingthe dense depthmap comprises: identifying edge pixels included in edgesof real objects included in the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the at least one generated segmentation mask; for at least oneedge pixel, enhancing the depth for the pixel based at least in part ondepths of other edge pixels included in the same edge; identifyingplanar surface pixels that are included in a planar surface identifiedby the generated geometric surface information; and for at least oneplanar surface pixel, adjusting the depth for the pixel based at leastin part on depths of other planar surface pixels included in the sameplanar surface; and transmit at least one segmentation mask, the densedepthmap, and the geometric surface information to an end userapplication executed by a user device.
 36. The at least onenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 35, wherein the enduser application is configured to render at least one virtual objectonto the photorealistic image based at least in part on the densedepthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and the geometric surfaceinformation.
 37. The at least one non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 36, wherein the end user application is configured torender at least one virtual object onto the photorealistic image by, foreach virtual object pixel of the virtual object: determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at thesame location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, displayingthe image pixel.
 38. The at least one non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 36, wherein the end user application is configured torender at least one virtual object onto the photorealistic image by, foreach virtual object pixel of the virtual object: determining a depth ofthe virtual object pixel; sampling the dense depthmap to generatedepthmap samples; generating a triangular occlusion mesh; tesselatingthe triangular occlusion mesh, such that the depths of the pixels of thetriangular mesh correspond to depths of the depthmap samples;registering the triangular occlusion mesh with a 3D graphics system ofthe user device as an invisible, z-occluding scene model; and using the3D graphics system to render the virtual objects with occlusion by thetriangular occlusion mesh by discarding occluded virtual object pixelsand compositing non-occluded virtual object pixels with thephotorealistic image.
 39. The at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 36, wherein the end user applicationis configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image by, for each virtual object pixel of the virtualobject: identifying placeability behavior of the virtual object; mappingtwo-dimensional user interface pointer coordinates to three-dimensionalscene coordinates based on the placeability behavior of the virtualobject and nearby scene geometry; determining a depth of the virtualobject pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel at the same locationas the virtual object pixel; in response to a determination that thedepth of the image pixel is greater than the depth of the virtual objectpixel, displaying the virtual object pixel; and in response to adetermination that the depth of the virtual object pixel is greater thanthe depth of the image object pixel, performing placement processing forthe virtual object pixel.
 40. The at least one non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 35, wherein at least one of the one ormore memories has further instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at leastone of the one or more processors to: update the dense depthmap, andtransmit an updated dense depthmap to the end user application.
 41. Theat least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 35,wherein at least one of the one or more memories has furtherinstructions stored thereon that, when executed by at least one of theone or more processors, cause at least one of the one or more processorsto: receive user selection information identifying selected portions ofat least one real object to be removed from the photorealistic image;and for each pixel in the selected portions: estimate a new depth forthe pixel and updating the dense depthmap to include the new depth, anddetermine a replacement color for the pixel and updating thephotorealistic image to include the determined color.
 42. At least onenon-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readableinstructions that, when executed by one or more computing devices, causeat least one of the one or more computing devices to: access aphotorealistic image of a room; generate at least one segmentation maskthat identifies real objects included in the photorealistic image;generate geometric surface information for the photorealistic image;generate a dense depthmap that includes depth estimates for each pixelof the photorealistic image; and transmit at least one segmentationmask, the dense depthmap, and the geometric surface information to anend user application executed by a user device; wherein the end userapplication is configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image based at least in part on the dense depthmap, atleast one segmentation mask, and the geometric surface information by,for each virtual object pixel of the virtual object: determining a depthof the virtual object pixel; determining a depth of an image pixel atthe same location as the virtual object pixel; in response to adetermination that the depth of the image pixel is greater than thedepth of the virtual object pixel, displaying the virtual object pixel;and in response to a determination that the depth of the virtual objectpixel is greater than the depth of the image object pixel, displayingthe image pixel.
 43. At least one non-transitory computer-readablemedium storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by oneor more computing devices, cause at least one of the one or morecomputing devices to: access a photorealistic image of a room; generateat least one segmentation mask that identifies real objects included inthe photorealistic image; generate geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; and transmit atleast one segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and the geometricsurface information to an end user application executed by a userdevice; wherein the end user application is configured to render atleast one virtual object onto the photorealistic image based at least inpart on the dense depthmap, at least one segmentation mask, and thegeometric surface information by, for each virtual object pixel of thevirtual object: determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;sampling the dense depthmap to generate depthmap samples; generating atriangular occlusion mesh; tesselating the triangular occlusion mesh,such that the depths of the pixels of the triangular mesh correspond todepths of the depthmap samples; registering the triangular occlusionmesh with a 3D graphics system of the user device as an invisible,z-occluding scene model; and using the 3D graphics system to render thevirtual objects with occlusion by the triangular occlusion mesh bydiscarding occluded virtual object pixels and compositing non-occludedvirtual object pixels with the photorealistic image.
 44. At least onenon-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readableinstructions that, when executed by one or more computing devices, causeat least one of the one or more computing devices to: access aphotorealistic image of a room; generate at least one segmentation maskthat identifies real objects included in the photorealistic image;generate geometric surface information for the photorealistic image;generate a dense depthmap that includes depth estimates for each pixelof the photorealistic image; and transmit at least one segmentationmask, the dense depthmap, and the geometric surface information to anend user application executed by a user device; wherein the end userapplication is configured to render at least one virtual object onto thephotorealistic image based at least in part on the dense depthmap, atleast one segmentation mask, and the geometric surface information by,for each virtual object pixel of the virtual object: identifyingplaceability behavior of the virtual object; mapping two-dimensionaluser interface pointer coordinates to three-dimensional scenecoordinates based on the placeability behavior of the virtual object andnearby scene geometry; determining a depth of the virtual object pixel;determining a depth of an image pixel at the same location as thevirtual object pixel; in response to a determination that the depth ofthe image pixel is greater than the depth of the virtual object pixel,displaying the virtual object pixel; and in response to a determinationthat the depth of the virtual object pixel is greater than the depth ofthe image object pixel, performing placement processing for the virtualobject pixel.
 45. At least one non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring computer-readable instructions that, when executed by one ormore computing devices, cause at least one of the one or more computingdevices to: access a photorealistic image of a room; generate at leastone segmentation mask that identifies real objects included in thephotorealistic image; generate geometric surface information for thephotorealistic image; generate a dense depthmap that includes depthestimates for each pixel of the photorealistic image; transmit at leastone segmentation mask, the dense depthmap, and the geometric surfaceinformation to an end user application executed by a user device;receive user selection information identifying selected portions of atleast one real object to be removed from the photorealistic image; andfor each pixel in the selected portions: estimate a new depth for thepixel and updating the dense depthmap to include the new depth; anddetermine a replacement color for the pixel and updating thephotorealistic image to include the determined color.